Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy

Three-dimensional anatomical morphological classification and clinical significance of lumbar foraminoplasty target area

Liu Honglin, Hu Yuxiang, Huang Chengyu, Gao Zibo, Xiao Yang, Su Yuhang, Zhao Qianhao, Zhou Xianxi, Liu Xiaosheng, Zeng Xiaolong, Qi Ji, Lin Dingkun, Ma Chunmei, Li Yongjin

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 1-8. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.01

Abstract ( 46 )

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Objective To investigate the three-dimensional morphological classification of lumbar foraminoplasty target area and their clinical significance, providing an anatomical basis for precise foraminoplasty in transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Methods A total of 122 lumbar superior articular processes were selected, and foraminoplasty target area was reconstructed using high-precision three-dimensional scanning technology. Linear parameters of the target area were measured: AB (distance from the ventral side of the superior articular process to the posterior edge of the vertebral body), CD (distance from the base of the superior articular process to the superior endplate), EF (pedicle width), and R1 (AB/CD ratio). Anatomical classification of foraminoplasty target area was performed based on morphological characteristics, and the three-dimensional volume and articular surface area of the target area were measured. Results Foraminoplasty target area was divided into three morphological types: Type I (trapezoid-like type, 50%), Type II (narrow-columnar type, 32%), and Type III (hilly-shaped type, 18%). Type I had the longest AB, moderate R1 ratio, and largest volume. Type II had the shortest AB, widest EF, and lowest R1 ratio. Type III had the shortest CD, smallest articular surface area, and highest R1 ratio. Significant differences in parameters were observed among three types (P<0.05). Conclusions The morphology of target area for lumbar transforaminal foraminoplasty can be divided into three types, with type I being the most common. Multi-dimensional parameters can quantify the spatial characteristics and biomechanical potential of target area, which has certain clinical reference significance for precise transforaminal foraminoplasty.

Anatomical morphological study of the transverse foramina of the axis vertebra

Li Tianyi, Xie Siyuan, Lu Xiongguang, Han Yu, Li Yikai

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 9-15. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.02

Abstract ( 31 )

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Objective To investigate the anatomical differences of transverse foramina of axis vertebra through morphological measurements of dry specimens combined with clinical CTA imaging data, to validate the clinical applicability of osteometric findings, and to explore their clinical significance for vertebral artery course and related surgeries. Methods A total of 100 dry adult axis vertebrae (specimen group) and 32 normal adult cervical CTA images (CTA group) were included. The maximum diameter, minimum diameter, and cross-sectional area of superior and inferior apertures of transverse foramina were measured in both groups. The vertebral artery diameter was measured in CTA group. The mean aperture, aspect ratio and coefficient of variation and other related parameters were calculated. Symmetry, morphological characteristics, and developmental coordination were analyzed in specimen group. Morphometric parameters were compared between two groups, and the correlation between vertebral artery diameter and ipsilateral foraminal area was analyzed in normal population. Results In specimen group, transverse foramina demonstrated general bilateral symmetry, but significant left-right differences existed in the minimum diameter and mean diameter of inferior aperture (P<0.05). Significant morphological disparities were found between superior and inferior apertures on the same side (P<0.05), with superior aperture showing greater variability and irregularity. The overall morphological trends were consistent between CTA and specimen groups, but the cross-sectional area of left superior aperture measured by CTA was significantly smaller than that of specimen group (left side r=0.506, right side r=0.516, P<0.05). In CTA group, a moderate but significant positive correlation was found between vertebral artery diameter and cross-sectional area of ipsilateral transverse foramen (r=0.414, P<0.05). Conclusions Transverse foramina of axis exhibit a morphological pattern of a variable superior aperture and a stable inferior aperture. Data from dry bone measurements can serve as a clinical reference, but the smaller effective bony space in vivo must be considered.

Morphology re-observation of tension bone trabeculae at the upper end of the femur and its clinical significance

Li Haiyan, Han Mingyu, Wang Ziyu, Zhang Enshuo, Liu Xiaopeng, Du Xinru

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 16-22. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.03

Abstract ( 29 )

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Objective To further explore the morphological characteristics of tension bone trabeculae at the upper end of femur and "Ward triangle", so as to provide anatomical evidence for the pathogenesis and treatment of femoral neck fractures. Methods Forty femoral specimens (20 in normal group and 20 in osteoporosis group) were cut along the axial, coronal, cross-sectional, and sagittal planes of femoral neck respectively to observe the morphological characteristics of tension bone trabeculae, the cortex of femoral neck and "Ward triangle" in normal group and osteoporosis group. Results Some tension bone trabeculae originated from the subchondral bone on femoral head, ran in an arc forward, and merged with anterosuperior cortical bone of femoral neck. Another part of tension bone trabeculae originated from the cortical bone of femoral neck and connected to greater trochanter, the base of femoral neck, and the inner surface of the lateral cortical bone at the upper end of femur. In normal group, tension bone trabeculae were dense, and the anteromedial cortex of femoral neck was dense, with a thickness of (1.64±0.06) mm. In osteoporosis group, tension bone trabeculae were sparse, and the anteromedial cortex of femoral neck was loose, with a thickness of (1.20±0.04) mm (P<0.05). On the axial and coronal section of the upper end of femur, "Ward triangle" was shown in a rhombus shape. In normal group, the internal trabeculae were dense, while in osteoporosis group, "Ward triangle" area was large, with sparse trabeculae. The anteversion angle in osteoporosis group (8.78±1.07)° was significantly lower than that in normal group (13.78±1.92)°. Conclusions The anterosuperior cortical bone of femoral neck and the trabeculae attached to the inner surface together form tensile system at the upper end of femur. In osteoporosis group, both the trabeculae and cortical bone of this system become sparse, the cortical bone becomes thinner, Ward rhombic area becomes larger. This may be one of the anatomical factors for femoral neck fractures in osteoporosis. Protecting tension bone trabeculae is the key to preventing femoral neck fractures.

Classification of the bifurcate ligament based on anatomical features and its clinical significance

Zhao Tiantian, Wang Wei, Peng Menglang, Wang Junqiu, Xie Yao, Zeng Xingqian, Zhang Lei

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 23-27. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.04

Abstract ( 27 )

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Objective To classify the bifurcate ligament (BL) based on its anatomical characteristics, and to provide anatomical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of ankle sprains. Methods The BL was classified in 47 preserved cadaver specimens, and the lengths, widths (proximal, middle, and distal), thicknesses, and bifurcation angles of the calcaneonavicular ligament (CNL) and calcaneocuboid ligament (CCL) were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted among different classifications. Results The BL was classified into 4 types. Type I accounted for 59.6%, Type II accounted for 25.5%, Type III accounted for 10.6%. A new type IV accounted for 4.3%. The shorter CCL was significantly shorter than that in Type II, and the bifurcation angle was significantly different from Type I and Type II (P<0.05). Conclusions The 4 anatomical classifications of BL are dominated by Type I. The new Type IV enhances the understanding of the complexity of BL. It provides morphological basis for the precise diagnosis and individualized treatment of ankle sprains.

The applied anatomy and coordinate localization of the cutaneous branch chain in the anteromedial region of the lower leg

Guo Zilong, Xu Kangli, Yu Hao, Tan Ridong, Dai Huijie, Li Aoying, Shi Fuwen, Peng Tianhong, Xie Wei

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 28-34. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.05

Abstract ( 26 )

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Objective To provide an anatomical basis for the clinical application of the cutaneous branch chain flap in the anteromedial lower leg by clarifying its distribution and morphology, and establishing a standardized coordinate system for precise localization. Methods A total of 18 fresh adult cadaveric lower legs were used in the research. A total of 18 fresh adult lower extremity specimens were perfused with red latex plus lead oxide in the femoral artery on 6 sides and red latex in the femoral artery on 12 sides. Microdissection of 18 lateral lower leg specimens was performed to observe the cutaneous branches-chain in the anteromedial region of the lower leg, and the number, origin, course, and diameter of the perforator forming the cutaneous branch chain and having a diameter >0.2 mm were observed. The position of the dense point of cutaneous branch chain in the form of (±x, y) % was located by establishing the coordinate system of the lower leg. CT scan was performed in 6 specimens which were perfused with red latex and lead oxide, and three-dimensional reconstruction of the cutaneous branch chain of the anteromedial lower leg was performed. Results A total of 76 cutaneous perforators involved in forming cutaneous branch chain of the anteromedial lower leg in our study. The diameter of perforators at the deep fascia was (0.77±0.37) mm. Study demonstrated there were 5 cluster points of cutaneous clusters of cutaneous branch chain of the anteromedial lower leg. The total length of ring the popliteal fossa was (33.9±3.7) cm, and the total length of posterior midline of lower leg was (37.2±5.3) cm. Cluster points of cutaneous clusters of posterior tibial artery from the proximal end to the distal end was as follows, successively: (-24.0±2.4, 0.43±0.06) %, (-21.3±2.0, 0.52±0.04) %, (-17.6±5.2, 0.70±0.09) % and (-12.3±2.3, 0.90±0.05) %. The saphenous artery passed through the deep fascia in (-14.6±3.5，0.05±0.03) % and linked cutaneous branch chain of posterior tibial artery to form a cutaneous branches-chain vertical throughout anteromedial lower leg. The cutaneous branch chain was clearly visible after 3D reconstruction. The location of the penetration point of the perforator was standardized to have a smaller coefficient of variation than conventional anatomical positioning, and the comparison of the Y-axis coefficient of variation showed P<0.05. Conclusion The cutaneous branch chain is available to expand the range of skin flap and ensure safety for harvest of the flap. Standardizing location was more accurate and scientific than traditional anatomical location.

Three-dimensional measurement and analysis of bladder wall thicknesses in different positions in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Feng Yankun, Fu Shihan, Liu Mingxiao, Li Xiaofeng, Li Jiayi, He Guibing, Wang Qiben

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 35-40. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.06

Abstract ( 60 )

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Objective To explore the effect of benign prostatic hyperplasia on the thicknesses of different parts of the bladder wall using three-dimensional measurement and analysis methods. Methods 110 patients visited Jinhua People's Hospital due to lower urinary tract symptoms were collected retrospectively. According to strict inclusion and exclusion criterion, 60 patients were identified as a research object. Three-dimensional models of bladder and prostate were constructed based on the T2 weighted magnetic resonance images of these patients. The prostate volume and bladder wall thicknesses were analyzed in different parts in three-dimensional level. Results For patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, the upper right and left bladder wall thicknesses were (4.47±0.81) mm and (3.90±1.03) mm, respectively. The lower right and left bladder wall thicknesses were (4.92±0.96) mm and (4.45±1.00) mm, respectively. The lower right and left bladder wall thicknesses were significantly greater than the upper right and left, respectively (P=0.006 and 0.003, respectively). Lower left bladder wall thicknesses in aged over 60 group was significantly greater than that in aged under 60 group (P=0.001). Lower right bladder wall thicknesses in prostate volume >60 ml group was significantly greater than that in prostate volume<60 ml group (P=0.008). Lower right bladder wall thicknesses increased significantly with the increase of international prostate symptom score. Conclusions Through quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional measurement of male bladder anatomical parameters, it can provide reference for treatment and diagnostics of prostatic hyperplasia.

Radiographic observation of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) in adolescents

Zhang Zhongshan, Xie Siyuan, Gu Ruibin, Lu Xiongguang, Li Yikai

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 41-47. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.07

Abstract ( 33 )

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Objective To determine the prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) in adolescents and investigate its association with lumbosacral pathologies, including intervertebral space stenosis and spina bifida occulta. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 535 adolescent patients (278 males, 257 females; aged 1-24 years) who underwent lumbar anteroposterior radiography at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University between January 1, 2024 and April 28, 2025. Bilateral L5 transverse process widths were measured, LSTV was classified according to the Castellvi classification system, and correlations between these parameters and sex, age, and lumbosacral comorbidities were analyzed. Results The overall prevalence of LSTV in adolescents was 47.10%, with no significant sex-based differences. L5 transverse process width exhibited a significant positive correlation with age (r=0.537, P<0.001). The transverse process hypertrophy group had a significantly higher mean age than the normal group (P<0.001), pseudoarthrosis group (P=0.024), and fusion group (P=0.001). The pseudoarthrosis group showed a significantly higher mean age compared to the normal group (P=0.045). The hypertrophy group had a significantly higher prevalence of intervertebral space stenosis than the normal group (P=0.013) and the pseudoarthrosis + fusion group (P=0.018). The LSTV-positive group exhibited a higher prevalence of L5/S1 intervertebral space stenosis compared to the normal group (P=0.046), with similar findings in the pseudoarthrosis + fusion subgroup (P=0.044). Conclusions This study highlights a high prevalence of LSTV in adolescents, with significant associations between LSTV and intervertebral space stenosis. These findings underscore the importance of radiographic screening for LSTV in adolescents with lumbosacral symptoms, providing insights for risk stratification and personalized treatment strategies.

Asporin mediates myofiber differentiation and the mechanism investigation after myoinjury

Wang Qisen, Huang Jingwen, Jian Xiaoting, Zhao Ziwei, Gui Weichao, Hu Jijie, Liao Hua

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 48-52. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.08

Abstract ( 26 )

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Objective To investigate the expression, function and related molecular mechanisms of Asporin (ASPN) in the repair process of injuried skeletal muscle. Methods An acute muscle injury mice model was prepared by intramuscular injection of Cardiotoxin (CTX). For interfering in ASPN levels in injured muscle, the recombinant ASPN protein (rmASPN) or neutralizing antibody (anti-ASPN) was treated respectively. Muscle samples were collected on 0 d, 4 d, 7 d, and 10 d post myoinjury, and the expression of ASPN, muscle transcription factors (MyoD, Myogenin), and TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway molecules were detected by immunofluorescence, Western blot, or RT-qPCR separately. In differentiated C2C12 myotubes cultured in vitro, Western blot was used to detect p-Smad2/3 protein. Results Under physiological condition, muscle fibers stably expressed ASPN protein. During the muscle inflammatory phase (D4) and early stage of muscle regeneration (D7), significant upregulation of ASPN protein was observed in muscle tissue, and in Dystrophin+ centra-nucleus regenerating myofibers. The level of ASPN gradually decreased with the completion of myorepair. rmASPN treatment induced the increase of number and area of regenerated myofibers, and upregulated MyoD and Myogenin levels, but decreased the level of p-Smad2/3 in myofibers. As expected, anti-ASPN treatment resulted in the opposite outcome. As well, inflammatory stimuli induced ASPN upregulation, but inhibited p-Smad2/3 expression in C2C12 myotubes. Conclusions After myoinjury, regenerated myofibers synthesize and secrete ASPN. In inflamed muscle, ASPN may intervene and inhibit the activation of TGF-β-p-Smad2/3 signaling in myofibers, thereby promoting the functional differentiation of regenerated myofibers.

Study on the protective mechanism of Baicalin on intervertebral disc degeneration in rats

Zhang Wei , Zhang Yang, Yu Yingnan, Zhang Haibin , Wang Peng, Wu Yimin

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 53-60. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.09

Abstract ( 36 )

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Objective To investigate the therapeutic potential of Baicalein for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), based on the anti-inflammatory and extracellular matrix (ECM) protective effects of Baicalein in diseases such as osteoarthritis. Methods A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a sham-operated group, a model group, and a Baicalin-treated group. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of inflammatory cytokines and ECM-related proteins. Apoptosis in intervertebral disc tissues was assessed via immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining. Structural analysis of the intervertebral discs was performed using X-ray imaging, H&E staining, and Safranin O-Fast Green staining. Results Compared with the sham-operated group, the model group exhibited degenerative structural changes in intervertebral discs, elevated expression of inflammatory factors COX2 and iNOS, increased BAX/Bcl-2 ratio, heightened activity of Cleaved Caspase-3, upregulated expression of ECM-degrading protein MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5, and downregulated expression of ECM-synthesizing protein COL-2 and Aggrecan. Baicalin treatment ameliorated the degenerative changes in IDD, suppressed inflammatory responses, reduced apoptosis markers, decreased expression of ECM-degrading proteins, and increased expression of ECM-synthesizing proteins. Conclusions Baicalin alleviates IDD symptoms in a rat model by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation.

Effect of eugenol on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in vascular dementia rats via the regulation of TXNIP/TRX-1/GPX4 pathway-mediated ferroptosis

Li Lin, Zhang Feng, Lu Xiangyu, Dong Yan, Li Chao

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 61-69. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.10

Abstract ( 27 )

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Objective To investigate the effect of eugenol on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in vascular dementia (VD) rats via modulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein/thioredoxin-1/glutathione peroxidase 4 (TXNIP/TRX-1/GPX4) pathway-mediated ferroptosis. Methods The rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, low-dose eugenol group, high-dose eugenol group, high-dose eugenol+OE-NC group, and high-dose eugenol+OE-TXNIP group, with 12 rats in each group. Except for control group, VD models were constructed in all other groups. The water maze experiment was used to exam the cognitive function of rats. ELISA was used to detect the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in hippocampal tissue. Nissl staining and HE staining were used to observe the morphology of neurons in hippocampal CA1 area. Prussian blue staining was used to observe iron deposition in hippocampal tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of ferroptosis protein GPX4 and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11). Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins related to TXNIP/TRX-1/GPX4 pathway in hippocampal tissues. Results Compared with control group, the pathological damage of hippocampal tissue in model group was severe. The morphology of neuronal cells in hippocampal CA1 area was irregular, with obvious phenomena of cell edema and nuclear condensation, enlarged cell gaps, blurred boundaries, disordered arrangement, obvious neuronal loss, significant reduction of Nissl body, and increased deposition of iron particles. The rats of model group had increased average escape latency, and decreased number of crossing platforms (P<0.05). The content of MDA and the expression of TXNIP were increased, while the content of GSH and the expressions of SLC7A11, TRX-1, and GPX4 were decreased in model group (P<0.05). Compared with model group, hippocampal tissue and neuronal damage in CA1 area in low-dose eugenol group and high-dose eugenol group were significantly improved, iron particle deposition was reduced, the average escape latency was shortened, the number of crossing platforms increased. Meanwhile, MDA content and TXNIP expression were decreased. The content of GSH and the expressions of SLC7A11, TRX-1, and GPX4 were increased in two group (P<0.05). In addition, high-dose eugenol+OE-TXNIP group partially reversed the protective effect of eugenol on the hippocampal tissue. Conclusions Eugenol can improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction in VD rats and is associated with the inhibition of ferroptosis mediated by TXNIP/TRX-1/GPX4 pathway.

Effect of miR-129-5p on liver injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rats by regulating the RhoA/ROCK pathway

Zhang Caiying, Quan Yangya, Xu Ruosi, Chen Lu

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 70-77. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.11

Abstract ( 21 )

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Objective To explore the effect of microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p) on liver injury in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) rats by regulating the Rho kinase (RhoA)/Rho-associated coiled coil kinase (ROCK) pathway. Methods A total of 28 patients with MAFLD who were treated in our hospital from June to December 2024 were selected as MAFLD group, while another 28 healthy individuals undergoing physical examinations were selected as control group. The expression levels of miR-129-5p, RhoA, and ROCK mRNA in the serum of MAFLD group and control group were detected using qRT-PCR method. The dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the interaction between miR-129-5p and RhoA. MAFLD rats were constructed, and successfully modeled rats were classified into MAFLD group, NC agomir group (tail vein injection of NC agomir), miR-129-5p agomir group (tail vein injection of miR-129-5p agomir), and LPA (tail vein injection of miR-129-5p agomir+1 mg/kg LPA) randomly, each with 12 rats. Another 12 normal rats were considered as NC group. NC group and MAFLD group were injected with equal amounts of physiological saline. The serum liver function, blood lipids, inflammatory factors, and the expression of TC and TG in liver tissue were measured. QRT-PCR was used to detect miR-129-5p, RhoA, and ROCK mRNA in liver tissue of MAFLD rats. HE staining and Oil Red O staining were used to detect liver tissue pathology. TUNEL staining was applied to detect apoptosis of liver tissue cells. Western blot was applied to detect RhoA and ROCK proteins in liver tissue. Results Compared with control group, the expression of miR-129-5p in the serum of MAFLD group decreased, while the expressions of RhoA and ROCK mRNA increased (P<0.05). miR-129-5p could target negative regulation of RhoA. The liver tissue of NC group was normal. The liver tissues of MAFLD group and NC agomir group showed hepatic steatosis, prominent swelling in morphology, balloon like changes, vacuolization, and many red fat droplets. The rats of miR-129-5p agomir group showed a small amount of mild hepatic steatosis, with small circular vacuoles and prominently reduced lipid droplets observed in cytoplasm. The hepatic steatosis in LPA group further worsened, and the number of fat droplets was further increased. The rats in MAFLD group had higher TC in liver and serum, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, RhoA mRNA and protein, ROCK mRNA and protein in liver and serum, and apoptosis rate than NC group, and lower HDL-C and miR-129-5p than the NC group (P<0.05). The rats in miR-129-5p agomir group had lower TC in liver and serum, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, RhoA mRNA and protein, ROCK mRNA and protein in the liver and serum, and apoptosis rate than MAFLD group and NC agomir group, and higher HDL-C and miR-129-5p than MAFLD group and NC agomir group (P<0.05). The LPA group had higher TC in liver and serum, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, RhoA mRNA and protein, ROCK mRNA and protein in liver and serum, and apoptosis rate than miR-129-5p agomir group, and lower HDL-C than miR-129-5p agomir group (P<0.05). Conclusions MiR-129-5p may alleviate liver injury caused by MAFLD by targeting negative regulation of RhoA/ROCK pathway.

Effect of miR-19b-modified human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on immune balance in inflammatory bowel disease rats

Li Zhoufang, Lv Changkun, Ge Dahe, Wang Zhonghui

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 78-84. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.12

Abstract ( 26 )

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Objective To investigate the effect of miR-19b-modified human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) exosomes on immune balance in inflammatory bowel disease rats. Methods The hUC-MSC exosomes were identified. QRT-PCR was used to detect miR-19b expression in hUC-MSC exosomes. Rats were stochastically assigned into control group, inflammatory bowel disease group, hUC-MSC exosome group, mimic NC+hUC-MSC exosome group, and miR-19b mimic+hUC-MSC exosome group, each with 12. Except for the control group, inflammatory bowel disease models were established in all other groups, and after successful modeling, they were treated, once a day for 5 weeks. The colon length, colon pathology, spleen index, and thymus index were measured. Flow cytometry was used to test the proportions of peripheral blood helper T cells 17 (Th17), regulatory T cells (Treg), and Th17/Treg. ELISA was used to detect serum interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and IL-17. Results Compared with the hUC-MSC group and the mimic NC+hUC-MSC group, the miR-19b expression in exosomes was higher in the miR-19b mimic+hUC-MSC group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the inflammatory bowel disease group had colon edema, ulcers, disordered cell arrangement, abundant inflammatory cell infiltration, and shortened colon length, the spleen index, thymus index, proportion of Th17 and Th17/Treg in peripheral blood, serum IL-17 increased, while the proportion of Treg in peripheral blood, serum IL-10, and TGF-β1 decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the inflammatory bowel disease group, the hUC-MSC exosome group, mimic NC+hUC-MSC exosome group, and miR-19b mimic+hUC-MSC exosome group showed reduced colon edema, ulcers, disordered cell arrangement, and inflammatory cell infiltration in rats, and increased colon length, the spleen index, thymus index, proportion of Th17 and Th17/Treg in peripheral blood, serum IL-17 declined, while the proportion of Treg in peripheral blood, serum IL-10, and TGF-β1 increased (P<0.05). Compared with hUC-MSC exosome group and mimic NC+hUC-MSC exosome group, the miR-19b mimic+hUC-MSC exosome group showed improvement in colon edema, ulceration, disordered cell arrangement, and inflammatory cell infiltration, and an increase in colon length, the spleen index, thymus index, proportion of Th17 and Th17/Treg in peripheral blood, serum IL-17 declined, while the proportion of Treg in peripheral blood, serum IL-10, and TGF-β1 increased (P<0.05). Conclusions The miR-19b-modified hUC-MSC exosomes can promote Th17/Treg balance and improve immune function in inflammatory bowel disease rats.

Exploration on the application of laparoscopic anatomical concepts in prone dorsal approach adrenal surgery

Yang Li, Xiao Zhisong, Zheng Baoshou, Zhang Aijian, Li Yunpeng, Li Xingjie

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 85-89. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.13

Abstract ( 22 )

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Objective To explore the application of anatomical concepts for searching for "vascular landmarks" and constructing "mesenteric ridge" during prone dorsal approach laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 62 patients who underwent prone dorsal approach laparoscopic surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University from Sep. 2022 to Mar. 2025. Intraoperative laparoscopic video data and perioperative indicators were reviewed. From the videos, summaries were made as follows: First, exposed the surgical field of subdiaphragmatic adrenal region by dissection. Then, identified the anatomical landmarks using inferior phrenic vein (left side) and inferior vena cava (right side) as "vascular landmarks," and dissected the medial aspect of gland. Dissected adrenal gland from lateral side and identified the lower plane of adrenal gland on lateral side, then used the anatomical landmarks to relocate and expose central vein. Detached from the peritoneal plane of gland to vascular margin on the inner side of gland, constructing a "mesenteric ridge" composed of an arterial arch network resembling "comb-like blood vessels" on the inner side of gland and central vein. Finally, performed total or partial adrenalectomy. Results All surgeries were successfully completed without intraoperative or postoperative complications. The average operation time was (32.48±6.02) min, intraoperative blood loss was 15 (10~25 mL), and postoperative hospital stay was 3 (3~4) days. Conclusions The anatomical concepts of identifying "vascular landmarks" and constructing "mesenteric ridges" provide a standardized reference for laparoscopic adrenal surgery via prone dorsal access, facilitating surgical technique optimization and quality improvement.

Study on risk factors associated with the recurrence of pediatric primary intussusception after air enema reduction

Wu Peng, Zhang Yang, Pan Sirui, Zhou Jun

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 90-95. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.14

Abstract ( 24 )

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Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with recurrence after air enema (AE) reduction in pediatric primary intussusception (PPI). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of children with primary intussusception who underwent air enema reduction in our hospital from January 2022 to December 2023. A total of 1,449 cases were included and divided into a recurrence group (181 cases) and a non-recurrence group (1,268 cases) based on whether recurrence occurred within 72 h after AE reduction. Clinical data were collected for retrospective analysis. Age, sex, disease duration, mass diameter, ileocecal edema, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody stool, somnolence, recent history of respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection, white blood cell count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were compared between two groups. Logistic regression analysis, Spearman analysis, and ROC curve analysis were used to identify factors associated with recurrence after AE reduction in primary intussusception and explore their correlations. Results There were no significant differences in age, sex, disease duration, ileocecal edema, vomiting, abdominal pain, somnolence, or white blood cell count between recurrence and non-recurrence groups (all P>0.05). There were significant differences in recent history of respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection, CRP level, bloody stool, and mass diameter (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that recent history of respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection, CRP level, bloody stool, and mass diameter were independent risk factors for recurrence after AE reduction (OR=1.513, 1.545, 1.685, 2.018; all P<0.05). Spearman analysis indicated significant correlations between these factors and recurrence after AE reduction (r=0.221, 0.364, 0.238, 0.412; all P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that these factors had predictive value for recurrence (AUC=0.711, 0.675, 0.693, 0.604; all P<0.05). Conclusions Recent history of respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection, CRP level, bloody stool, and mass diameter are closely associated with recurrence after AE reduction in primary intussusception. Independent risk factors may include recent viral infection, elevated CRP level, bloody stool, and mass diameter >35 mm.

Analysis of the efficacy and safety of autologous tissue reconstruction with V-NOTES in patients with pelvic organ prolapse

Guan Haifeng, Bao Erchen, Yu Nan

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 96-103. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.15

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Objective To analyze the effectiveness and safety of autologous tissue reconstruction via vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (V-NOTES) in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods A total of 136 POP patients who had V-NOTES autologous tissue repair performed at our facility between September 2022 and September 2024 were enrolled into the research subjects. According to the pelvic organ prolapse quantitative staging method (POP-Q), the patients were split into two groups one year following surgery: an objective cure group (n=122) and a non-cure or recurrence group (n=14). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the determinants of treatment outcome and risk variables for complications. Results According to POP-Q score, after treatment, 108 patients (79.41%) were at grade 0, 14 patients (10.29%) at grade I, 9 patients (6.62%) at grade II, and 5 patients (3.38%) at grade III. The objective cure rate after the operation was 89.71%. Complications occurred in 30 cases (22.06%). Preoperative high C-reactive protein (CRP) level (OR=1.587, 95%CI: 1.369-1.785, P<0.001), preoperative high white blood cell (WBC) level (OR=2.657, 95%CI: 1.695-5.269, P<0.001), and preoperative low PA level (OR=0.589, 95%CI: 0.327-0.853, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for non-cure or recurrence after POP treatment. The patient's previous surgical history of total hysterectomy (OR=1.256, 95%CI: 1.128-3.187, P<0.001) and previous surgical history of myomectomy (OR=2.654, 95%CI: 1.659-4.558, P<0.001) and a higher preoperative CRP level (OR=3.118, 95%CI: 2.147-5.436, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for complications. Conclusions V-NOTES autologous tissue repair, as an emerging treatment strategy, showed high safety and effectiveness in the treatment of POP. Controlling the inflammatory response and maintaining a good nutritional status before the operation had a positive effect on the treatment outcome.

Investigation on the application of artificial intelligence-assisted multimodal imaging in coronary CT angiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery anatomical malformations

Li Qingnan, Yu Lu, Li Yuming, Sun Fengtao

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 104-108. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.16

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Objective To explore the application value of artificial intelligence-assisted coronary CT angiography (CCTA) multimodal imaging technology in the diagnosis of coronary artery anatomical malformations. Methods The clinical data of 161 patients who underwent coronary artery CTA examination from January 2023 to December 2024 and had coronary artery anatomical malformations were retrospectively analyzed. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Coronary Assisted Diagnosis Software was used to automatically diagnose coronary artery anatomical malformations on the CCTA imaging data, with the diagnosis of physician group as gold standard, and Kappa consistency test was used to evaluate the consistency of the diagnosis results of coronary artery anatomical malformations between AI group and physician group. Results A total of 7075 cases of coronary arteries were followed up, including 161 patients with anatomical malformations, with a prevalence rate of about 2.28%, and there was a high degree of consistency between AI group and the physicians' group in the diagnostic test results of coronary artery anatomical malformations, with a Kappa=0.967 (P<0.001). Conclusions AI has a high detection rate of coronary artery anatomical malformations, and there is a high consistency with manual diagnosis, which can better assist imaging physicians in the diagnosis of coronary artery anatomical malformations.

Construction of a prognostic model for metachronous liver metastasis of gastric cancer based on ultrasound and clinical characteristics

Chen Xi, Wang Likun, Sun Gaixia, Wu Xueliang

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 109-116. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.17

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Objective To construct a prognostic model for predicting metachronous liver metastasis (MLM) in gastric cancer (GC) based on multidimensional factors, including ultrasound and clinical characteristics. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 152 patients with gastric cancer treated between June 2021 and June 2023. They were divided into a metastasis group (n=52) and a non-metastasis group (n=100). Clinical and ultrasound features were compared between the two groups. Independent risk factors were identified through logistic regression analysis to construct the predictive model. The model's performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results Body mass index (BMI), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), intraoperative blood loss, aspect ratio, tumor diameter, morphology, margin, and calcification were identified as independent risk factors. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the constructed model was 0.843, with a sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 64.6%. Internal validation via bootstrap resampling demonstrated an AUC of 0.856, sensitivity of 86.8%, and specificity of 68.9%. Conclusions The prognostic model based on ultrasound and clinical characteristics effectively evaluates the risk of metachronous liver metastasis in gastric cancer.

A case report of variant origin of radial collateral artery merged with branches of deep brachial artery

Fang Zhechuan, Qiao Liang

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 84. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.18

Abstract ( 35 )

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A case of variation in the origin and branching of the left vertebral artery

Lin Qian, LI Yanyan, Cui Anting, Gan Mohe, Tang Weilan, Li Zhaoxiang, Li Qiyu

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2026, 44(1): 117. doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2026.1.19

Abstract ( 35 )

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