Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy

Three-dimensional reconstruction model for simulation of percutaneous lag screw internal fixation for acetabular posterior column fracture

FAN Yong-Cheng, YIN Wei-Gang, SHI Ceng-Yuan, LIN Rong, TUN Fa-Ke

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 241-245.

Abstract ( 1176 )

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Objective　To provide anatomical basis for lag screw internal fixation for acetabular posterior column fracture via the lesser sciatic notch.　Methods　Pelvic CT scanning data from 60 adults（30 males and 30 females）were imported into Mimics14.1 for 3D image reconstruction. The direction of longitudinal axis of the acetabular posterior column was observed in the three-dimensional pelvic model, screw placement was simulated, and the point where the screw pieced out was determined. Measurements were made about the length of the longitudinal axis, α angle between the longitudinal axis and the frontal plane, and β angle between the long axis and the sagittal plane.　Results　The point where the longitudinal axis of the acetabular posterior column terminated inferiorly was located at the midpoint of the sciatic notch, and the point where it terminates superiorlyat the midpoint between the rear end of arcuate line and anterior superior spine. The length of the longitudinal axis was (105.04±4.29) mm (male) and(101.80±3.20)mm (female), α angle 33.41°±2.18° (male) and 31.56°±2.71°(female), β angle 21.74°±1.19°(male) and 19.15°±1.24°(female). The bone cortex thickness at the screw entrance point was(5.54±0.46)mm, and that of lateral pelvic and of acetabular side was (1.45±0.13)mm and(1.04±0.10)mm, respectively.　Conclusions　The three-dimensional reconstruction model for simulation of lag screw internal fixation via the lesser sciatic notch is a speedy and accurate way for measurement of the screw path parameters as well as for preoperative evaluation. Using the model to place screws for fixation of posterior column fracture proves easy and safe.

A case of common hepatic artery origin from superior mesenteric artery

YAN Xiao-Feng, LV Yi, LIANG Ying-Cun, CHENG Ji-Wen, MA Jia, LI Jian-Hui

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 245.

Abstract ( 1273 )

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The anatomical research and clinical significance of the femoral insertions of fibular colfibular ligament and popliteus tendon

CA Chun-Yuan, DIAO Zhang-Wei, YANG Guo-Jing, YANG Xin-Dong

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 246-249.

Abstract ( 1144 )

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Objective　To obtain the anatomical data of the femoral insertions of the fibular collateal ligament (FCL) and the popliteus tendon (PT) for the posterofibular corner reconstruction.　Methods　60 human cadaveric knees, including 30 from males and females, respecitively, were investigated in our study. The cadavers had an average age of 54 , ranging from 42 to 73 years old. 60 cadaveric knees were dissected to identify the femoral insertions of FCL and PT; the distances between the centers of the two insertions and between each center of the insertions to the fibular epicondyle were measured. The surface areas of the insertions were also measured.　Results　The insertion areas of FCL and PT were significantly larger in men (50.22±9.72 mm2 for FCL and 60.57±12.44 mm2 for PT) than in women (44.29±12.33 mm2 for FCL and 51.79± 13.68 mm2 for PT), and the average insertion areas of femur were 47.25±14.69 mm2 for the FCL and 56.18± 13.88 mm2 for the PT, respectively. The FCL inserted a mean of 1.29±2.73 mm (1.34±3.26 mm for men and 1.25±3.11 mm for women) proximal and 3.53±2.12 mm (4.07±1.61 mm for men and 2.99±1.54 mm for women) posterior to the fibular epicondyle; the PT inserted a mean of 8.47 mm (8.93±3.23 mm for men and 8.01±2.89 mm for women) distal and 3.86±2.09 mm(4.21±1.98 mm for men and 3.51±2.11 mm for women) posterior to the fibular epicondyle. The distance of the two centers of insertions of FCL and PT was 10.12±3.06 mm, which was significantly larger in men (11.32±3.69 mm) than in women (8.92±3.25 mm).　Conclusion　The average femoral insertion areas of the FCL and PT and the distance of the two centers of the insertions of FCL and PT were significantly larger in men compared with women. The data provided in this study can help locate the tunnels for reconstruction of the posterofibular structures of the knee.

Applied anatomy of lateral dorsal island flap pedicled with the lateral foot vascular arch

TUN Fa-Ke, SHI Ceng-Yuan, YIN Wei-Gang, LIN Rong, FAN Yong-Cheng

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 250-252.

Abstract ( 1497 )

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Objective　To provide anatomical basis for expanding the operation mode of lateral dorsal island flap. Methods The anatomic study was carried out on 33 sides of adult cadaveric lower limbs perfused with red latex. With the help of an operation microscope (×10 ) , anastomosis of the lateral dorsal artery and the lateral plantar artery was observed. Finally, we measured the location, diameter, length of the lateral foot vascular arch. Results　The lateral dorsal artery and the lateral plantar artery had three constant anastomoses from the dorsal to the plantal aspect. The lateral tarsal artery issued a branch at the tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone, which anastomoses with the lateral plantar artery and was named the first branch of lateral foot artery arch with an external diameter of (0.7±0.1) mm. Its occurrence rat was 54.5%. Two relatively constant anastomoses of the lateral calcaneal artery and the lateral plantar artery were named the second branch of the lateral foot arterial arch and the third branch of lateral foot arterial arch, respectively. The diameter was (0.9±0.1 ) mm and (1.0±0.2) mm，and the occurrence rate were 88.0% and 78.8%, respectively. Conclusion The lateral dorsal island flap pedicled with the lateral foot vascular arch is a nideal skin flap to repair the skin defects on the lateral plantar and lateral calcaneus .

The anatomical study of of the vascularized territory of the dorsalis pedis flap pedicled with the first dorsal metatarsal artery

ZHANG Long-Jiang, XU Xiao-Yan, CHENG Guo-Liang

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 253-255.

Abstract ( 1101 )

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Objective　To study the vascularized territory of the dorsalis pedis flap pedicled with the first dorsal metatarsal artery in anatomy by infusing ink in the amputated foot specimens, providng anatomical evidence for second toe transfer with the dorsalis pedis flap.　Method　After separating the ten feet from the newly dead adults, ink was injected into the feet through the first dorsal metatarsal artery to measure the dosral area being dyed.. Furthermore, dorsalis pedis flaps were elevated to observe and measure the area of the subdermal vascular plexus being dyed. We take another three feet and pour the green ethylene perchloride into the first dorsal metatarsal artery and corrode the foot with the solution of the sodium hydroxide. Then we get the casting mould.　Result　(1) Ink dyeing: The dyeing scope of the ten specimens: The medial boundary line of the flap is the tibial border of the big toe. The lateral boundary of the flap is the territory of the third toe web. The distal boundary line of the flap can reach the first to the third toe. The proximal boundary line of the flap is the proximal part of the tarsometatarsal joints. (2) Cast mould specimen: the first and the second toe is dyed evidently. We can see small subcutaneous branches from the first to the second toe.　Conclusion　Blood supply of the tibial part of the flap is good. The reliable fibular boundary line of the flap is the third toe web. When we design the dorsalis pedis flap , we should design the flap towards the tibial side for enough blood supply.

Applied anatomy of prerenal interfascial planes under the laparoscope

MEI Ao-Bing, QIU Jian-Guang, GU Ben-Zhong, GU Chang-Shi, SUN Fa, HUANG Yong-Gong, CHENG Hao, TU Zi-Jiang, ZHANG Piao-Chen, CHEN Gui-Quan

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 256-260.

Abstract ( 1435 )

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Objective　To explore in vivo the anatomical stratifications of prerenal interfascial planes under the laparoscope in search of the optimal "holy plane" of surgery.　Methods　A total of 28 cases were involved in this study undergoing the following procedures using the abdominal cavity approach in 3 cases and retroperitoneal cavity approach in 25 cases: 11 cases of adrenal tumor resection, 8 cases of nephrectomy, 2 cases of partial nepherectomy, 2 cases of radical resection of renal carcinoma, 3 cases of pyeloureteroplasty and 2 cases of removement of the upper ureteral calculus. Each patient underwent 320-row CT imaging preoperatively to analyze the anatomy of renal fascia. Sectional anatomical structure and adjoining relationships of the anterior renal fascia under the laparoscope were observed and analyzed intra-operatively and post-operatively, respectively. Results Prerenal interfascial planes are multiple, comprising the plane between the colonal fusion fascia and the prerenal fusion fascia, the plane between the prerenal fusion fascia and the anterior lamella of renal fascia, the plane between the colonal fusion fascia and the prepancreaticduodenal fusion fascia , the plane between the prerenal fusion fascia and the postpancreaticduodenal fusion fascia, the plane between the perirenal fat and the anterior lamella of renal fascia. They are avascular multiplanar fasciae, among the spaces of which the cobweb-like latticed white fiber fill.　Conclusion　Prerenal interfascial plane is a secure plane for anterior surgical approach related to the kidney and the adrenal gland .Through these planes, minimally invasive surgeries with little blood loss of retroperitoneal organs can be performed.

The quadrilateral length and thickness of the Lumbar isthmus and clinical significance

XU Hong-Hai, JU Qiang-Xiang, ZHANG Huo-Lin, GUO Xiong, FANG Hai-Bo, LIU Zong-Zhi, LUO Zhen-Qun, WANG Xiao-Qiang, LI Yong, LIU Jun, LIN Feng-Yu, MA Jiang, QI Ji

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 261-264.

Abstract ( 1768 )

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Objective　To measure the quadrilateral length and thickness of the Lumbar isthmus in order to provide the practical anatomy data for the lamina osteotomy replantation and for the design of a "工" shaped titanium plate. Method The length and thickness of the isthmus of 32 dried adult male's lumbar spines were directly measured from L1 to L5 with a vernier caliper and dividers, excluding the appearances of malformations and breakage. Results (1)The length of the superior(A) edge of the Lumbar isthmus gradually increased from L2 to L5 (from 6.47±0.90 mm at L2 to 8.38±0.98mm at L5),and that of the inferior(C) edge progressively decreased from L1 to L5 (from 7.86±0.93 mm at L1 to 4.77±0.64 mm at L5); The medial (D) edge of the isthmus from 19.07±0.86 mm at L1, the longest, to 12.92±1.40mm at L5, the shortest; The lateral(B) edge of the isthmus from 11.24±0.80 mm at L3, the longest, to 9.87±0.65 mm at L4, the shortest; (2) The thickness of the intersection E between the lateral edge and the superior edge ranges from 6.10±0.23 mm at L1, the thinnest, to 7.53±0.35mm at L3, the thickest; The thickness of the intersection F between the lateral edge and the medial edge ranges from 5.10±0.25 mm at L1, the thinnest, to 6.41±0.27 mm at L3, the thickest; The thickness of the intersection G between the inferior edge and the medial edge gradually decreases from L1 to L5 (from 7.51±0.42mm at L1 to 6.25±0.27mm at L3); The thickness of the intersection H between the lateral edge and the inferior edge gradually increases from L1 to L5 (from 8.59±0.30 mm at L1 to 10.11±0.35 mm at L5). Conclusion The study further reveals the Lumbar isthmus quadrilateral anatomical parameters. The best part of the Lumbar isthmus Osteotomy is at 3 ~ 4 mm from the lateral edge of the isthmus. It is in parallel with the medial and lateral edges. The thickness of the "工" shaped titanium plate is 1.2 mm, the length of the upper side is 9mm, the length of the lower side is 10mm, and the height is10 mm.The lengths of the miniature screws are 6 、8、10, and 12 mm, while the diameter is 2 mm.

Measurement of linear geometric parameters of the tibial plateau by the technique of computed tomography three-dimensional reconstruction

LIU Feng, LI Shi-Chun, YUN Cai

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 265-268.

Abstract ( 1140 )

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Objective　To construct the three-dimensional model of tibial plateau by the technique of computed tomography three-dimensional reconstruction, and explore the clinical application of using this technique in measuring the geometrical parameters of the tibial plateau.　Methods　49 patients from the wards and out-patient clinic (normal knee and any tibial injure not to be involved in ) and volunteers were recruited, and then randomly divided into 2 groups according to their gender. Linear geometric parameters of the tibial plateau including the width of the tibial plateau ( WTP )、the width of the medial tibial plateau ( WMTP )、the sagittal length of the medial tibial plateau ( SLMTP )、the width of the lateral tibial plateau ( WLTP ) and the sagittal length of the lateral tibial plateau ( SLLTP ) . Results （1）Male are larger in value than female in terms of the linear parameters（P<0.01）;（2）Width of the lateral tibial plateau（WLTP）was larger than the width of the medial tibial plateau (WMTP), sagittal length of the medial tibial plateau (SLMTP) was larger than the sagittal length of the lateral tibial plateau（SLLTP）（P<0.05）; (3)Positive correlation was found between the width of tibial plateau and SLLTP or SLMTP（P<0.05）. Conclusion Measurement of the linear geometric parameters of the tibial plateau by technique of computed tomography three-dimensional reconstruction, could provide valuable data on the design and improvement of the knee geometry in Chinese people.

Brachiocephalic artery absence and the left and right common carotid artery originating as a common trunk a case report

WEI Shi-Xiang, MA Jian-Jun, WANG Shuai, LI E, YANG Lu-Lu, LI Yi-Ting, LIN Yuan, DONG Man

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 268.

Abstract ( 1187 )

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The imaging diagnosis in popliteal vascular entrapment syndrome caused by anomalous slip of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle

DIAO Chang-Xiu, ZHONG Hai

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 269-274.

Abstract ( 921 )

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Objective　To evaluate the diagnostic value of imaging techniques in the popliteal vascular entrapment syndrome caused by an accessary muscle slip of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Methods　4 patients who underwent surgical treatment for PVES caused by the accessary muscle slip of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle were evaluated retrospectively. The imaging examination findings included Doppler sonography, DSA, CT angiography and MRI were reviewed.　Results　Two cases of Popliteal artery occlusion in 2 cases, 1 case of medial displacement of bilateral popliteal veins and formation of thrombosis in the left popliteal vein, 1 case of compression of both popliteal arteries and veins were found. Doppler sonography and DSA can clearly show the anatomic features of a vascular lesion of the popliteal artery and vein, but not sufficient to render a diagnosis of PVES. Both CTA and MRI can provide optimal visualization of the popliteal vessels and the surrounding anomalous slip of muscle and confirm the diagnosis of PVES, which was consistent with intraoperative photography.　Conclusion　PVES caused by an accessary muscle slip of the lateral head of the gasctrocnemius muscle are rare, and imaging examination is important in diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Histogenesis of mouse small intestine in embryo

LANG Wei-Ya, GU Qin, ZHANG Min, CUI Meng-Qing, LI Liang-Beng, ZHANG Lin

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 275-278.

Abstract ( 1220 )

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Objective　To observe the morphogenesis of mouse small intestine tissues and distribution of caliciform cells in embryo at different stages in order to provide morphological data for the development of mouse small intestine.　Methods　HE and PAS stain were used in the paraffin section of mouse embryo aged from embryo 13.5 day (E13.5 d) to postnatal 1(P1) day. Rseults (1) At E13.5d, the small intestine of mouse was differentiated, the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa appeared. (2) At E15.5 d, the epithelium of intestine started differentiating into intestinal villus, and caliciform cell gradually formed at the day E16.5 embryo, at P1 day embryo small intestinal gland builded up. At this time of embryo, the basic structure of small intestine came into being. (3)The number of the caliciform cells increased as mice age, that caliciform cells were most abundant at P1 day (P<0.05). Caliciform cells were distributed mainly over the epithelial villus, i predominate in the terminal ileum, and deminishing from ileum, jejunum to duodenum (P<0.05).　Conclusion　The differentiation of small intestine is fastest at E15.5~E17.5 d, the basic structure of the small intestine with certain digestive and absorptive function is formed during the embryonic period.

Applied anatomic study about the central retinal artery in SD rats

MO Wei, LIU Zheng-Hai, WU Jiao-Qiong, WANG Xiao-Cheng, LUO Hua-Gang

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 279-282.

Abstract ( 1100 )

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Objective　To provide anatomical basis for establishment of a reliable animal model of optic nerve injury. Method Red latex perfusion technology was used to observe the origin, course, distribution of central retinal artery, and its relationship with the optic nerve in normal SD rats and measurement about several parameters was made on the micrographs recorded using the stereoscopic microscope; Moreover, gelatin-ink perfusion technique was adopted to demonstrate the blood supply of the retina with the optic nerve transected at 2.0 mm and 6.0 mm posterior to the posterior pole of the eye. Result Our study shown the central retinal artery and its branches run with the optic nerve at its course within the optic nerve sheath; the origin of the central retinal artery was located (5.784±0.054) mm posterior to the posterior pole of the eye; the vascular density of the central retinal nerve is highest at the sectional surface of it 6.0 mm posteior to the posterior role of the eye. Conclusion In the preparation of the SD rats model with nerve injury, transection should be made within the sheath, with the best place of the transection being located 6.0 mm posterior to the posterior pole of the eye.

Impact of hair growth phase on mouse skin wound healing

KONG E-Nan, ZHANG Min, CUI Meng-Qing, LI Liang-Beng, ZHOU Zhi-Chao, ZHANG Lin

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 283-287.

Abstract ( 2009 )

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Objective　To investigate the skin wound healing speed of C57BL/6 mice at various stages of hair growth cycle.　Methods　Mouse skin wounding models were established and wound healing rate in the following manner was calculated: Wound closure rate (%) = [(Original wound area - Open area on the final day)/Original wound area] ×100%. Wound healing speed of mouse at hair anagen stages and at hair telogen stages was compared. H&E staining was adopted to compare differences in morphological and histological characteristics of wound healing. BrdU was used to detect cell proliferation around wounds.　Results　Wound healing rate of mouse at hair anagen stages was significant higher than that of mouse at telogen stages. H&E staining showed that mice presented relatively more epidermal cell layers around wounds and epidermal cell layers migrated faster at hair anagen stages. BrdU detection showed that mice at hair anagen stages had a larger number of BrdU+ epidermal cells around wounds than mouse at telogen stages.　Conclusion　Mice at hair anagen stages enjoy a faster skin wound healing rate than mice at telogen stages, which provides a basis for further research into the role of hair follicle in wound healing process as well as a guidance on how to choose animal models for study of skin wound healing.

Variation of inferior gluteal artey and palmaris longus: a case report

ZHOU Qin-Ji, TU Pan-Xi, TUN Yu-Han, BO San-Jiang

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 287.

Abstract ( 931 )

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An anatomical and morphologic comparison of the nasopharyngeal development in mice and human fetuses

ZHENG Wen-Hong, DENG Li-Qun, AN Jing

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 288-292.

Abstract ( 1201 )

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Objective　This paper compared the anatomy and histology of nasopharyngeal development in mice and human, providing references for the study on pathogenesis of diseases of the nasopharynx.　Methods　We investigated the structure and mucosal morphology of the nasopharynx in human fetuses during embryonic 9-28 weeks and mouse fetuses during embryonic 9.5~19.5 days by histology.　Results　The nasopharynx of human fetus manifested as an irregular cube with a 120-degree arc-shaped posterior wall. There were many foils, crypts and lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx of mice manifested as an arc lumen with an approximately straight line. There was not crypt or lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Most of mucosae in the nasopharynx were pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with a small amount of stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium in human fetuses of embryonic 13-28 weeks. All of the nasopharyngeal mucosae in mouse fetuses were pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.　Conclusion　The differences of anatomy and histology of nasopharyngx in mice and human fetuses may lead to different susceptibilities to some diseases.

Effects of vibration training on AMPK-GLUT4 passage of Rat skeletal muscle

GONG Xiao-Juan, LIU Chang, JIANG Ding-Wen, MEI Xi-Fan, FANG Shi-Jiang

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 293-298.

Abstract ( 976 )

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Objective　To study the effects of different vibration training on glycometabolism of rat skeletal muscle, and further explore the suitable vibration training stimulus.　Methods　42 male SD rats were divided randomly into 7 groups according to the vibration frequency (15, 25, 35 Hz) and time (5 min and 15 min) imposed：quiet control group(CC), Low-frequency vibration short group(LS), Low-frequency vibration prolonged group(LL), Medium-frequency vibration short time group(MS), Medium-frequency vibration prolonged time group(ML), High-frequency vibration short time group(HS) and High-frequency vibration prolonged group(HL). Vibration frequency is high frequency (35 Hz), Medium frequency (25 Hz) and low frequency (15 Hz), and training time is short (5 min) and prolonged (15 min), 6 days in one week, the experiment lasted for 8 weeks. After the last training bout (8 weeks), the rats were euthanized, and then the tissue samples were collected. The fasting blood-glucose in blood, muscle glycogen, muscle creatine kinase (CK) and muscle fiber cross-sectional area were analyzed. Adenosine Monophosphate Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Glucose Transporter Four (GLUT4) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results　(1) Compared with the CC group, in the ML group, the fasting blood-glucose in blood was significantly lower, the muscle fiber cross-sectional area was significantly reduced, the muscle glycogen and muscle creatine kinase (CK) were significantly higher (P<0.05). (2) Compared with the CC group, the expression of ampk-glut4 in each group were significantly increased after vibration training, and the ML group was significantly higher than other experimental group (P<0.05).　Conclusions (1) Vibration training can enhance the glycometabolism of Rat Skeletal Muscle. (2) The suitable vibration training stimulus (25 Hz,15 min) is helpful to increase the glycometabolism of rat skeletal muscle.

Study on the molecular mechanism of mechanical compression treating hyperplastic scar via TGF-β 1 pathway

SHEN Kuan-Hong, HUANG Dong, TUN Wei-Chi, HUANG Yong-Jun, MAO Yong

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 299-302.

Abstract ( 863 )

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Objective　To study the effects of mechanical compression on the expression of TGF-β1 receptor，smads and collagen from human skin hypertrophic scar fibroblast via the mechanical pressure system intervention, and explore the potential molecular mechanism of pressure treatment of hyperplastic scar. Methods　Hypertrophic scar cells were cultured in vitro ，the expression of TGF-β1 receptor，Smad3,Smad7 and collagens were determined on mRNA level by RT-PCR; Difference in expression between the mechanical pressure intervention experimental group and the control group in the hypertrophic scar fibroblasts was tested. Results　The RT - PCR results indicated that the expression of smad3 and smad7, Collagen Ⅰ was reduced after pressure treatment the difference being statistically significant (P<0.05), whereas the expression of TGF-β1 receptor increased, the difference being statistically significant (P<0.05).　Conclusion　Mechanical compression can inhibit Smad3 expression and promote TGF-β1 receptor expression so as to promote the degradation of hyperplastic scar collagen.

Effects of retinoic acid in the osteogenic induction to dermal fibroblasts and adipose derived stem cells

LIU Yu-Feng, DAI Jing-Xin, YANG Chun, ZHOU Xin, QU Reng-Mei, LI Feng, GOU Ying-Hua, YUAN Lin

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 303-307.

Abstract ( 1112 )

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Objective　To explore the effect of retinoic acid(RA) on ALP activity during the osteogenic differentiation of dermal fibroblasts(DFB) and adipose derived stem cells(ADSCs).Method DFB and ADSCs were isolated from suckling mouse aged 5~7 days and cultured in vitro. The DFB were identified by immunofluorescence of vimentin, and the ADSCs were identified by osteogenic differentiation, adipogenic differentiation and cell surface markers detection. Induced by RA and traditional osteogenic liquid separately for 2 weeks, ALP activities were measured by OD value and all specimens were stained by alizarin red.　Results All the specimens were stained by alizarin red, except the control groups. Compared with the control groups, all the induced groups displayed a higher activity of ALP. It is worth noting that ALP expression is higher induced by RA than induced by traditional osteogenic liquid. But the opposite results were obtained in the ADSCs groups. Conclusion　RA is also responsible for osteogenic differentiation of DFB and ADSCs; what is more, the results may be different due to the varieties of cells.

Dynamic expression characteristics of Notch signal in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during the process of differentiation into hepatocytes

LIU Ke, LIU Gui-Yang, YANG Xiang, TUN Zhang-Lin, HUANG Wen-Hua

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 308-313.

Abstract ( 850 )

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Objective　To explore the effect of Notch signaling in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during the process of differentiation into hepatocytes.　Methods　An induction system under which BM-MSCs can differentiate into hepatocytes was established. On days 0, 7, 11 and 21 day during the differentiation direction, nine key genes in Notch pathway were selected as target genes and determined in BM-MSCs using technique reverse dot blot hybridization. The results of reverse dot blot hybridization showed that the effect of Notch signaling in BM-MSCs during the process of differentiation into hepatocytes. At the same time，the results of RT-PCR analysis reveals the differentiation status of BM-MSCs. Results On the 21th day when the differentiation direction was determined in BM-MSCs, the mRNA level of nine key genes was significantly lower than that on days 0, 7, and 11. In the further experiments, down-regulation of Notch signaling was shown to be critical for BM-MSCs to differentiate into hepatocytes, as increased Jagged1 resulted in up-regulated Notch activation, leading to higher levels of expression of Hes1 and Hey1, which completely blocked Albumin expresion in BM-MSCs. Conclusion These results in our study showed that Notch signaling in BM-MSCs was necessary to initiate differentiation into hepatocytes, but must be down-regulated for the differentiation to proceed continuously.

The effects of LIM mineralization protein 1 over-expression on the osteosarcoma cell line OS-9901 proliferation

YAN An-Bin, TU Nan-Sheng, LEI Wei-Jie, LEI Yong-Hui, JIAN Dong-Yang

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 314-317.

Abstract ( 809 )

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Objective　To investigate the effects of LIM mineralization protein 1 over-expression on the osteosarcoma cell line OS-9901 proliferation.　Methods　LIM mineralization protein overexpression lentiviral vector was constructed and transfected into osteosarcoma cell line OS-9901 cells by liposome. Quantitative PCR and Western blot were performed to measure the relative mRNA and protein expression of LIM mineralization protein 1, and BrdU assay was performed to detect cell proliferation before and after the LMP-1 over-expression.　Results　LMP-1 mRNA and protein expression did not change significantly (P>0.05) at 6 h after cells transfected with the LMP-1 expression lentiviral vector. When LMP-1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased at 12h, 24h and 48h after cells transfected with the LMP-1 expression lentiviral vector, DNA synthesis was significantly lower (P<0.05).　Conclusion　LIM mineralization protein 1 overexpression can inhibit osteosarcoma cell line OS-9901 cell proliferation.

Effect of IRAK-4 on BMP-Smad pathway in osteoblast differentiation

LIU Xiao-Chun, HUANG Dong, XU Meng-Ku, SHEN Kuan-Hong, HUANG Yong-Jun, MAO Yong

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 318-320.

Abstract ( 922 )

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Objective　To study the mechanisms of the effect of IRAK-4 on BMP-Smad pathway in osteoblast differentiation.　Methods　C2C12 are muscle satellite cells isolated from the muscle tissue, which shows a different differentiation potential under different culture conditions. C2C12 cells have the potential of osteoblast cells, and can serve as an ideal model for experiment of osteoblast differentiation. C2C12 cells were cultured in plates and randomly divided into 3 groups; each group was treated with different stimuli to imitate the stimuli in osteoblast differentiation. Cell ALP osteoblastic activity was analyzed by PNNP, Smad1 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR, the expression level of P-Smad1 protein was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, to observe the effects of different stimulation on osteoblast differentiation. Results The differentiation of osteoblast ALP activity showed that in the group treated with BMP-2 was significantly higher than that in the control group, the group treated with BMP-2 and IRAK-4siRNA was significantly higher than that treated with BMP-2. RT-PCR results showed that compared with the group that treated with BMP-2, the expression of smad1 mRNA in the group that treated with BMP-2 and IRAK-4siRNA was only slightly increased,but the protein expression was significantly increased. Conclusions BMP-2 can enhance C2C12 cell osteogenic effect. IRAK-4 could inhibit osteogenic effect , which could possibly be the result of reduced BMP-2,Smad1 phosphorylation.

The effects of macrophage in different activation states on NGF and Laminin expressions of RSC96 cells

DIAO Li, CAO Xin, OU Yang-Jun, TU Lei, ZHANG Xian-Zuo, LIU Re-Yan, XUE Xu-Kai, LEI Zhi-Xian, QIN Jian-Jiang

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 321-324.

Abstract ( 928 )

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Objective　To study the expression of NGF and Laminin in RSC96 cells under co-culture with macrophages in different activation states.　Methods　A Transwell system was built to co-culture RSC96 cells with rat peritoneal macrophages. Real-time PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were used to detect NGF and LN expression in each group.　Results　Under macrophage co-culture, the NGF expression in RSC96 cells was increased. A significant promotion has been found with activated macrophages. With regard to LN expression, no significant difference was detected. 　Conclusions　The macrophage could contribute to the NGF expression in RSC96 cells, the effect of which is influenced by the activation states. Activated macrophages showed greater effect. No such promotion is found on LN expression, which is associated more with the migration of the Schwann cells. Further research is needed.

Various effect of dose-dependent cocaine on the addicted behavior of KM mice

CHEN Zhen-Zhong, GU Jing-Jing, LI Juan, ZHANG Lei, CUI Meng-Qing, LI Liang-Beng, ZHANG Lu

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 325-327.

Abstract ( 991 )

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Objective　To investigate the sensitivity of Kunming mice to different doses of cocaine, and provide reference for the cocaine related research of Kunming mice.　Methods　Kunming mice, male, aged 8~12 weeks, were used. They were randomly divided into two groups. One group was injected with 10 mg/kg cocaine, while the other 20 mg/kg cocaine. Conditioned place preference and Behavior sensitization were used to measure the behavioral differences before and after cocaine treatment.　Results　In the conditioned place preference analysis, the time difference in the white box on day 9 and day 2 (post-pre) was statistically significant（P<0.05） between the two groups. In the Behavior sensitization test, the ambulatory accounts between the two groups were found to be statistically significant（P<0.001）during the time treated with cocaine. And then they were put back to the colony room for 1 week before they received a challenging dose of cocaine. On the challenging day, the ambulatory accounts were found to be statistically significant between them (P=0.001).　Conclusion　Kunming mice can produce more obvious conditioned place preference and more intense behavioral sensitization reaction when treated with 20 mg/kg cocaine.

Finite element analysis of cervical spine following artificial intervertebral disc replacement

XU Bei, JIN Da-De, ZHANG Mei-Chao

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 328-332.

Abstract ( 1046 )

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Objective　To establish a three-dimensional finite element model of cervical spine C4～5 segment following PrestigeTM-LP artificial intervertebral disc replacement and analyze segmental motions. Methods　The geometry of C4～5 vertebrae was reconstructed from computer tomography (CT) scan images of an adult male human fresh cervical spinal specimen. A FEM of C4~5 vertebrae and PrestigeTM-LP prosthesis was established and simulated clinical operation by using ANSYS10.0 system. Motions of flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation were determined in physiological loading.　Results　Detailed geometries of vertebral bodies were modeled including ligaments, facet joints, and uncovertebral joints. Motions of flexion, extension, lateral bending, axial rotation are 5.7°, 3.5°, 5.0°,11.3°，respectively and conform with what have been reported in the literature.　Conclusions　The FEM possesses a high precision of geometries of vertebral bodies and biomechanical character. PrestigeTM-LP artificial disc prosthesis well preserves intervertebral segmental motion for cervical spine.

Biomechanical evaluation of the aliform memory alloy intrasegmental fixation instrument for lumbar spondylolysis

SHU Li-Xin, LI Shan-Hui, SONG Qin-Yong, HUANG Han-Qing, CAO Yan-Lin, ZHANG Xi-Bing

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 332-336.

Abstract ( 993 )

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Objective　To evaluate the biomechanical properties of the aliform memory alloy intrasegmental fixation instrument (AMAIFI) for lumbar spondylolysis.　Methods　L4/5 functional spinal units from 8 fresh pig cadavers were used in the test, which were grouped into: the normal spine group, the lumbar spondylolysis group, the Buck's screw group, the Nicol's wire fixation group and the aliform memory alloy the intrasegmental fixation group. The movement range of each group was measured under the kinetic state of flexion/extension, left/right lateral bending, and left/right axial rotation.　Results　Under the state of flexion/extension and left/right axial rotation, the stability of the lumbar spondylolysis group was the worst，and had a significant difference with the other groups (P<0.05). The stability of spondylolysis lumbar could be restored distinctly in the group fixed with AMAIFI, and had no significant difference with the normal spine group and the other 2 intrafixation groups (P>0.05). Under the state of the left/right lateral bending，there was no significant difference among the various groups (P>0.05). 　Conclusions　The newly designed AMAIFI can restore the stability of spondylolysis lumbar with its operationf; Consequently, it can be assumed hat AMAIFI has a better application in the future.

Three-dimension motion and deformity of spine: a comparative study of description methods

WANG Hai-Meng, JIANG Hui, DIAO Wei-Dong, CHENG Yong-Quan, CHEN Jian-Ting

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 337-341.

Abstract ( 898 )

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Objective　To compare the projection angles method, the Euler angles method, the helical axis method and the tilt/twist angles method for their uses of the description of 3D spinal motion and deformity. Methods　3D Schematic diagrams of the four description methods based on precise calculation were drawn, the features of the methods are compared with their strengths, weaknesses discussed.　Results　In 3D description, the projection method has shortcomings but the Euler method and the helical axis method have superiority. The tilt/twist method is Euler method which is in special sequence but fits reality more.　Conclusions　Though the practical significance of the numerical results need further investigation, these methods are of value to etiology, simulated surgery and robot-assisted surgery of idiopathic scoliosis.

Values of "dam-sparing" of Prostatic Ventral Fascia in Radical Cystectomy and Effect on Erectile Function in Patients Postoperatively

LUO Xiang-Ning, CHEN Ling-Wu, CHEN Dun-Xing, LIN Huan-Yi, DENG Nan

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 342-345.

Abstract ( 828 )

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Objective　To study the values of "dam-sparing" of prostatic ventral fascia in radical cystectomy,and the effect on erectile function in patients postoperatively.　Methods　40 male patients of invasive bladder cancer, the scores of Sexual Health Inventory for Men ≥22 in all patients preoperatively.And then received radical cystectomy.23 cases received the traditional operative methods of bilateral neurovascular bundle sparing in radical cystectomy (A group),17 cases received the traditional methods of bilateral neurovascular bundle sparing combined with "dam-sparing" of prostatic ventral fascia in radical cystectomy.Data on postoperative sexual function were collected at 6、12 months, compared the early postoperative erectile functional rehabilitation between the two groups.　Results　Based on the results of Sexual Health Inventory for Men score, at 6 months postoperatively: 17 cases in A group and 15 cases in B group achieved score of 17 or greater（73.9% vs 88.2%,P＜0.05）. 11 cases in A group and 12 cases in B group achieved score of 22 or greater（47.8% vs 70.6%, P＜0.05）. at 12 months postoperatively, 18 cases in A group and 17 cases in B group achieved score of 17 or greater（78.3% vs 100%，P＜0.05）, 11 cases in A group and 12 cases in B group achieved score of 22 or greater（56.5% vs 82.4%，P＜0.05）.　Conclusions　"dam-sparing" of prostatic ventral fascia combined with traditional methods of bilateral neurovascular bundle sparing in radical cystectomy would markedly improve postoperative erectile function in radical cystectomy.

Preoperative CT findings of thymoma: prediction of staging and invasion

CHEN Yan, XIE Xiao-Dan, ZHANG Yu, MA Yong-Gong, SHU Chi, LI Meng-Hua, XIE Jian-Ding

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 346-349.

Abstract ( 1052 )

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Objective　To discuss the value of CT prediction for staging and invasion of thymoma. Methods　CT characteristics of 79 patients of thymoma established by surgery and pathology were reviewed retrospectively. The total of 79 patients divided into two groups: group A includes stageⅠandⅡ, accounting for 44 cases; groups B contains stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ, accounting for 35 cases. Distribution, major axis, morphologic characteristics, density and calcification were analyzed. Correlation between CT characteristics and Masaola-Koga was also analyzed.　Results　Major axis, morphologic characteristics, density and calcification were of significant differences among different grades of Masaoka-Koga classification and the P values are 0.000, 0.000, 0.001, and 0.002, (P<0.05), respectively. There were no significant difference between the two groups of tumor distribution (P=0.418). Positive predictive value of CT characteristics on mediastinal fat, mediastinal pleura, pericardium, adjacent pulmonary parenchyma, as well as blood vessles were 83.67%, 76.92%, 71.43%,66.67%, 80%, respectively, and the negative predictive value were 80%, 96.22%, 95.55%, 94.83%, 97.3%, respectively.　Conclusion　CT imaging can differentiate different stages of thymoma,providing help in evaluating the need of neoadjuvant therapy or not before surgery, therefore, improving the prognosis.

Mini titanium plate fixation versus anchor fixation in unilateral open-door laminoplasty for treatment of multilevel cervical myelopathy

WEN Shi-Feng, GUO Dong-Meng, XU Zhong-He, XIAO Wen-De, LI Ju-Gen, YIN Qiang-Shui

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 350-352.

Abstract ( 726 )

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Objective　To evaluate clinical efficacy of mini titanium plate fixation versus anchor fixation in unilateral open-door laminoplasty for treatment of multilevel cervical myelopathy (MCM).　Methods　A retrospective study of fifty-five patients with MCM who had undergone unilateral open-door laminoplasty was performed. Twenty-six patients underwent surgery with mini titanium plate fixation （A group）and twenty-nine patients with anchor fixation(B group) respectively. Clinical results were assessed by comparing the following parameters between patients who were in the two groups: Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and JOA recovery rate, and image results were measured by Ishihara's curvature index, and area of the narrowest spinal canal and spinal cord in MRI.　Results　Fifty patients were followed up from 6 to forty-two months with an average of (27.1±9.9) months. No statistically significant differences were identified in follow-up JOA score and JOA recovery rate（P>0.05）. A group had larger difference between the pre- and postoperative Ishihara's curvature index, area of the narrowest spinal canal and spinal cord（P<0.05）.　Conclusions　Satisfactory recovery of neurological function can be achieved and maintained by the two fixations，however, A group had better image results than B group.

Total hip arthroplasty for the deformity with dysplasia and absence of femoral neck and congenital lateral hip joint: one case report

WANG Pei-Shen, CENG Bei, FAN Tao, LUO Jie-Min, LIN De-Shui

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2013, 31(3): 353-354.

Abstract ( 646 )

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