Table of Content

25 July 2015 Volume 33 Issue 4

  

The neurovascular relationship and clinical significance of cistemal segment of abducent nerve

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  377-381.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.001

Abstract ( 774 )  

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Objective　To study the neurovascular relation of the abducent nerve in pons’ segments and its surrounding vessels, providing for more information for clinic medicine and the domestic study of abducent nerve.　Methods　The abducent nerve’s vascular passage and the relation between its surrounding vessels and itself were observed and measured along with the segments in abducent nerve and other correlative data by dissecting 23 heads injected with red latex.　Results　Anterior inferior cerebellar artery(AICA), posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), labyrinthine artery, pontine artery, vertebral artery, basilar artery were included in the surrounding vessels of the pons’ segments. 16 specimens of the heads turned out to be duplicated abducent nerve carriers. The abducent nerve contacted with AICI in the most of specimens ( 47.8% touching, 13.8% pressing) and the heaviest press for it came from vertebral artery. Pontine artery was the biggest nutrition provider for the segments in the abducent nerve (41.3%) followed by AICA (26.1%). The duplicated abducent nerve had been observed in sixteen specimens(34.8%).　Conclusions　The neurovascular relation between the cistemal segment of abducent nerve and its surrounding vessels is intricate, which is likely to cause the contact between vessels and abducent nerves or compression of the vessels over the nerves. This study may help to solve the problem when faced with abducent nerve palsy patients with unknown causes.

Surgical anatomy of the anterior sphenoid sinus wall

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  382-386.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.002

Abstract ( 799 )  

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Objective　To investigate the anatomy of anterior sphenoid sinus wall and its significance for the transsphenoidal surgery.　Methods　Fifteen cases (30 sides) of adult cadaveric skulls and 20 cases (40 sides) of bleached adult dry skulls were observed under microscope. The bone structure of anterior sphenoid sinus wall and the sphenopalatine arteries and their branches were measured.　Results　The anterior sphenoid sinus wall resembled a bird head, with midline prismatic protrusion. The sphenoid ostia on both sides were in shape of bird-eyes, and the sphenoidal rostrum below was like the beak.  The sphenoid sinus ostium was (14.5±1.1) mm from the terminal of upper nasal meatus, (12.2±1.0 )mm from the posterior choanae, and (8.2±0.5)mm (6.6~12.2 mm) from the upper branch of nasal septum artery. A straight probe was stretched from the nostril to the anterior sphenoid sinus wall to determine the nearest point on this wall, which was defined as the "shallowest point". This point was at about the middle point between the sphenoid sinus ostium and the posterior choanae. Sphenopalatine foramen was located inferolateral to the sphenoid sinus ostium and at the rear of middle turbinate, with a distance of (6.9±1.3) mm to the sphenoid sinus ostium. The distance between the medial edges of sphenopalatine foramen on both sides was (18.2±2.5) mm.  Conclusions  The anterior sphenoid sinus wall has its own morphological characteristics. The sphenoid sinus ostium was located at the junction of the upper and middle thirds of the anterior sphenoid sinus wall. There is a protuberance bellow the ostium. The sphenopalatine foramen was inferior-lateral to the sphenoid sinus ostium, with about 7 mm from each other. This data should be useful for positioning the sphenopalatine foramen in the transsphenoidal surgery.

Anatomic measurement and clinical significance of lateral malleolus and surrounding structures

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  387-389.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.003

Abstract ( 1875 )  

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Objective　To provide applied anatomical basis for design of lateral alignment guide and lateral malleolus fracture fixation, the lateral malleolus and the surrounding anatomical structures were observed and measured.　Methods　(1) 80 cases (male 20 pairs and female 20 pairs) of dried fibula were observed and analyzed.  (2) 40 cases (male 20 and female 20) underwent plain radiography for observation of the general morphology of the lateral malleolus,3. the anterior lateral malleolus artery, the superficial peroneal nerve and the sural nerve were observed in 40 specimens(male 20 and female 20).　Results　(1) From up down, the lateral malleolus gradually tapered off, assuming similarly an inverted triangle; (2) No statistical significance of the height, width and thickness could be detected between the lateral malleolus of the left and right sides in bony specimens, but gender difference of the above mentioned parameters could be found. （3）The lateral malleolus angle was not significantly different between male and female in X-ray (P>0.05). （4）The anterior lateral malleolar artery originated from the anterior tibial artery (4.30±0.22) cm and (4.11±0.6) cm above the tip of the lateral malleolus in male and female, respectively, which then coursed obliquely downward to the lower part of the fibula and continued to travel in close contact with the fibula and the anterior aspect of the lateral malleolus to enter the dorsum of the foot. （5）The superficial peroneal nerve distribution (1.59±0.20) cm in male and (1.31±0.64) cm in female from the anterior margin of the lateral malleolus; The sural nerve traveled posteroinferior to the lateral malleolus, being located  (1.80±0.13) cm and (1.62±0.34) cm posterior to the posterior margin of edge of the lateral malleolus in male and  female, respectively.　Conclusions 　 According reliable and relevant parameters obtained from measurement of the lateral malleolus and the surrounding anatomical structures can provide  anatomical basis for the design of lateral malleolus fracture fixation and alignment guide.

Applied anatomy of femoral nerve block

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  390-392.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.004

Abstract ( 615 )  

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Objective    To determine the anatomical basis of an algorithm for needle insertion in femoral nerve block.　Methods　Five unfixed corpses underwent whole body carboxymethylcellulose/lead oxide injection for CT scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction. Five bodies were injected with red latex. Femoral triangle were dissected by layers to document the precise course，location and relationships of the femoral nerve，femoral artery，and other anatomical structures with relevance to the femoral nerve block.  Results    Structures relevant to the femoral nerve block were located between the inguinal ligament and a line parallel to it at the level of the greater trochanter. The distance between the two lines was (5.8±1.6) cm. Profunda femoris artery was could be frequently encountered at the level of the parallel line, which crossed the femoral nerve in 85 percentages point.　Conclusions　The safe zone of femoral nerve block is located between the inguinal ligament and a line parallel to it. ?Using volume rendering technique is very useful for study of the location and relationships of artery with other structures.

Tomographic imaging study of human brain corpus striatum and hippocampus structure

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  393-398.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.005

Abstract ( 655 )  

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Objective　To investigate the correlation between corpus striatum and hippocampus structure, and provide the morphological evidence and related measurement value for clinical imaging diagnosis.　Methods　Magnetic resonance images of 100 cases of adult heads without pathological changes were collected and divided into five groups falling into five age ranges : 16 ~ 25, 26 ~ 35, 36 ~ 45, 46 ~ 55, 56 ~ 65 years old, with 10 males and 10 females in each age range.  Parameters such as the area, the transverse and vertical diameter of the corpus striatum and hippocampus were obtained and underwent statistical analyses.　Results　After standardization of data,  the outcome of the single factor analysis of variance showed: There was no gender difference in striatum area; The sagittal diameter of caudate head, the hippocampus area, and the transverse and sagittal diameter of the hippocampal  structure exhibited gender difference ( female>male ); The width of the temporal horn of the male was larger than the female；The transverse diameter of the caudate nucleus head exhibited side difference (left>right)，while the right putamen area and the sagittal diameter was greater than on the left. Pearson correlation analysis showed: The head of caudate nucleus area was negatively related with age and the distance between the temporal lobe hooks, but was positively related with the width of the temporal horn. The hippocampal area was positively related with the head of caudate nucleus area and the width of the temporal horn.　Conclusion　The adult corpus striatum shrank with the increase of age; There was correlation between the hippocampus structure and corpus striatum on the morphology. The right putamen area was greater than the left. The female hippocampus area was greater than the male. The width of the temporal horn can be used as common references indicators in morphological research of the striatum and hippocampus.

Development of the human fetal cerebellum in the second and third trimester

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  399-402.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.006

Abstract ( 796 )  

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Objective　To observe the development of human fetal cerebellum with MRI in the second and third trimester.　Methods　87 fetuses that had no morphological brain disorder at 14~40 weeks of gestation were scaned using 3.0T MRI. Transverse, sagittal and coronal images were used to analyze the development of cerebellar structures.　Results　From images, we found that the dentate nucleus was visible at week 16 of gestation. From week 17, the tegmento-vermian angle was invisible. The prepyramidal fissure and the fourth ventricle could be recognized at week 22, whereas the primary fissure was visible at week 20. The second fissure and posterolateral fissure were recognized at week 24. In second and third trimester, the shape and the fissures of cerebellum came into being and the CV also grew rapidly; the ratio of the anterior lobe to the posterior lobe decreased with GA.　Conclusions　The development of the fetal cerebellum in the second and third trimester could be displayed by 3.0T MRI. This study could provide anatomical and imaging data concerning the development of the fetal cerebellum, which is valuable for clinical diagnosis and evaluation of fetal development in vivo.

MRI imaging studies of pineal gland in normal human brain

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  403-407.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.007

Abstract ( 813 )  

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Objective　To establish the parameter standard of pineal gland and discuss the changing rule of different groups by gender and age in health adults on MRI.　Methods　A total of 327 adult heads were scanned by using 3D MR sequences，pineal gland and its related structures were observed and analyzed.  Results　The length of the pineal gland was（7.12±1.11）mm in the female group，and (6.52±1.01) mm in the male group（female>male，P<0.05); The width of the pineal gland was (5.72±0.98) mm in the female group，and (5.38±1.07) mm in the male group; The height of the pineal gland was (4.38±0.43) mm in the female group，and (4.03±0.62) mm in the male group; The volume of the pineal gland in female group was (88.92±27.90) mm3，and (74.35±23.62) mm3 in the male group （female>male，P<0.05).　Conclusions　Length and volume of the pineal gland in female group were larger than in male group; Gender difference of the volume of the pineal gland occurred between 31 to 60 years old.

Clinical comparative study on morphology and positional changes of meniscus in patients with knee osteoarthritis-By Magnetic resonance imaging 3D reconstruction and rotation segmedtation methods

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  408-413.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.008

Abstract ( 617 )  

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Objective　Using the magnetic resonance imaging 3D reconstruction and rotation  segmentation methods to measure the meniscuses of patients with knee osteoarthritis and normal adults, and the morphological and positional changes of the meniscus on patients with osteoarthritis and its clinical significance were explored.　Methods　20 cases of patients with knee osteoarthritis (II, III grade) involving 20 knee joints were selected from our hospital as osteoarthritis group between January 2013 to February 2014. The other,10 cases of normal people, involving 10 knee joints were chosen as a normal group. The age, sex, body mass index were matched between the two groups. Firstly, all subjects were scanned using thin slices of MRI, and the images obtained were then transferred for the post-processing workstation of Siemens for three-dimensional reconstruction and segmentation of the images using the method of range radials. Lastly, the meniscus was measured in the images we segmented. The entire width of meniscus, the width covering the tibia platform of the meniscus and the thickness of the meniscus were measured for quantitative indicators to study.　Results　No significant differences was found between the two groups in the entire width of medial meniscus in all directions, whereas, the width covering the tibia platform of the meniscus from 60° to 120° was smaller in OA than in non-OA knees (P＜0.05) and the thickness of the medial meniscus from 60 °to 130 ° was thicker in OA than in non-OA knees (P＜0.05). There were significant differences in measurement of the lateral meniscus between the two groups. The entire width and the width covering the tibia platform of lateral meniscus from 10° to 50° and 10° to 50° were greater in OA than in non-OA knees (P＜0.05) and the thickness of the lateral meniscus from 120° to 170° were thicker in OA than in non-OA knees (P＜0.05).  Conclusions　The study provides a new check method and train of thought for display and diagnosis of the meniscus with MRI. It is found that the morphology and positions of the meniscus in patients with osteoarthritis have changed and this changes are associated with knee osteoarthritis.

Image anatomic study of the screw to fix the fracture of the region Ⅱ in sacrum

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  414-420.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.009

Abstract ( 584 )  

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Objective　To identify the best entry point of the sacroiliac（SI）joint screw  and safe angle by measurement of anatomical parameters of S1 vertebrae and virtual screws fixation of the SI joint in the three-dimensional reconstruction pelvic model.　Methods　50 pelvis including 25 females and 25 males were reconstructed in Three-dimensional form and cut by Mimics software. The anatomical parameters of S1 vertebrae were measured and the virtual screws were placed in each SI joint through different entry points, then the best entry point of the screw was identified and the safe angles of the screw were calculated. The surface soft tissues of the pelvis were reconstructed in three-dimensional form by Mimics software , the surface projection points of entry point P, anterior superior iliac spine’s vertex N, point M were P1, N1 and M1, respectively, and the lengths of P1M1,P1N1 and M1N1 were measured sectionally. 　Results　The lengths between central screw’s entry point P and point N were（95.17±5.59）mm (male) and（98.49±7.71）mm (female). PM was vertical line of PN passing point P and point M was intersect point of iliac crest and PM, the length of PM was（58.71±4.33）mm (male) and（54.59±6.01）mm (female). The distance from point N to point M, which were along the iliac crest, were（129.78±6.25）mm (male) and（130.64±7.79）mm (female). The difference of PM’s length between male and female had statistical significance (P＜0.05) . The central screw’s safe ranges in the forward and backward incline were (10.70±2.00) °(male) and (7.20±1.64) ° (female),and the safe ranges in the cephalic and caudal incline were (12.36±2.68) °(male) and (11.27±3.29) ° (female). The forward and backward incline safe ranges showed statistical difference between male and female (P＜0.05). The length of P1M1 was significantly different between male and female (P＜0.05).  Conclusions  The best entry point of the SI joint screw was determined according to the projection points of anterior superior iliac spine’s vertex N and point M , the screw’s forward and backward incline ranges is about 7°（female） or 10°（male）,the cephalic and caudal incline ranges is about 11°（female）or 12°（male） When the top surface and the posterior surface of S1 vertebrae are regarded as the transverse plane and the coronal plane respectively.

Application study on the best vein scanning time of pelvic CT in patients with cervical cancer

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  421-425.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.010

Abstract ( 435 )  

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Objective　To obtain the best vein scanning time of pelvic organs, and high-quality images to provide data for 3D reconstitution.    Method    Determination of best venous phased scanning time of pelvic CT: 45patients were divided randomly into three groups, 15 in each group, based on different delay time after injection of contrast media, 70s (group A), 90s (group B), 120s (group C). Images were evaluated and graded by two experienced radiologists. SPSS13.0 software was used to process the data.   Results   In group B, total score was the highest. Statistic analysis of enhanced scanning data revealed that there were significant difference in image quality among the three groups after enhanced scanning and image quality in group B showed best effect of enhancement.  Conclusion  Delayed time of 90s after injection of contrast media is the best time of venous phased scanning, which provide the best image data for diagnosis of cervical cancer and 3D reconstitution.

Gastric carcinoma with small intestinal imprisonment disease：a case report

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  425.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.030

Abstract ( 371 )  

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Expression of SETD4 in Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  426-429.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.011

Abstract ( 605 )  

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Objective   To express SET domain-containing 4 (SETD4) protein through using baculovirus expression system and purify the expressed product to explore the functions of SETD4 protein and further understand the biological roles of SET family proteins.  Methods   The SETD4 gene was amplified by RT-PCR from mouse normal liver tissue. The gene was then inserted into pFastBac-HTB vector to form the recombinant donor plasmid which was further transformed into DH10Bac to construct the recombined bacmid. Next the bacmid was transfected to sf9 cells for package of the recombinant baculovirus particles. The recombinant SETD4 protein was expressed from the cells transduced by the recombinant baculovirus and was purified by NI-NTA resin. Purified protein was examined by coomassie brilliant blue staining and Western Blotting.  Results  The donor plasmid and recombined bacmid were successfully prepared and the recombinant baculovirus particles were produced from sf9 cells. The SETD4 protein was obtained and confirmed by brilliant blue staining and western blotting with a His-tag antibody and a specific SETD4 antibody.  Conclusions  The recombinant SETD4 protein was successfully expressed and prepared through baculovirus expression system.

Effects of Wnt/β-catenin on repetitive/stereotypic-like movements in an autistic model induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  430-433.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.012

Abstract ( 535 )  

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Objective　To investigate the effects of Wnt/β-catenin on repetitive/stereotypic-like movements in autism. 　Methods　With an autistic model induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid（VPA）, we detected the expression of GSK-3β, β-catenin, the signaling molecules of the canonical Wnt pathway in the cerebellum of autistic rats. The expression levels of GSK-3β, phosphorylated GSK-3β, β-catenin, phosphorylated β-catenin were observed by Western blotting. The number of repetitive/stereotypic-like behaviors and time engaged in repetitive/stereotypic-like movements were observed by open field.  Results　The phospholated protein levels of GSK-3β were higher, whereas those of β-catenin were lower in VPA-exposed group than those in the control group. In contrast, the number of repetitive/stereotypic-like behaviors and time engaged in repetitive/stereotypic-like movements were significantly higher in the animals treated with VPA than those in the control group.　Conclusion　Hyperkinetics and increased activity of the canonical Wnt pathway in cerebellum of autistic rats suggest that increased activity of the canonical Wnt pathway may result in repetitive/stereotypic-like mobility disorders and further contribute to the susceptibility to autism.

Effects of simvastatin on TGF-β1/smad signaling pathway in the process of the differentiation of BMSCs

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  434-438.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.013

Abstract ( 489 )  

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Objective    To investigate whether simvastatin(SIM) can promote differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs ) to osteablasts by regulating TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathways.  Methods   Rat BMSCs were recovered, cultured and further induced to differentiate into osteoblasts. Different concentration of SIM（10-8 mol/L、10-7 mol/L、10-6 mol/L） was added in the experimental group, and the control group no drug intervention was given in the control group. 7 days after ostrogenic solution was added, alkaline phosphatase staining was used to observe the expression level of bone formation, Alizarin Red staining was used to observe calcification level,and Western blot was used to determine the expression of of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3.   Results   Treatment with SIM at concentrations of 10-8 mol/L to 10-6 mol/L for 7 d  significantly increased the activity of ALP, and SIM at concentration of 10-7 mol/L produced the maximum effect. Exposure of the cells to SIM at concentration of 10-8 mol/L～10-6 mol/L for 21 d significantly increased mineralized nodules. Exposure of the cells to SIM at concentrations of 10-8～10-6 mol/L for 7 d markedly increased the expression of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3.   Conclusion   SIM could promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs，in which process the changes of the mRNA expression levels inTGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway might participate.

The variation of right hepatic artery: a case report

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  438.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.031

Abstract ( 516 )  

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Building the acute lung injury mouse model  by LPS direct and indirect challenge

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  439-443.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.014

Abstract ( 2921 )  

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Objective　Acute lung injury(ALI) that results from acute inflammation of respiratory system is a popular acute and serious pulmonary symptom in clinic. The successful establishment of the mouse model for ALI is essentially important.　Methods　In this study, we compared the differences between injection LPS from intratrecher (i.t.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.). By histological and pathological evaluation, cytologic reaction of inflammation cells. Change of protein secreted by inflammation cells were adopted to rate the effectiveness of model establishment induced by i.t. and i.p. injection.　Results　We got more obvious  inflammation reaction and more efficient ALI by i.t. injection. On cytologics item, we got more exudation of neutrophil cells in BALF (bronchial alveoli lavage fluid) by i.t. injection. On cytokines item, secreted proteins were obviously increased in bronchoalveoli lavage fluid by i.t. injection.  Conclusions  Injection LPS by i.t. is a better method for establishment of ALI model, which leads to acute lung injury directly and immediately.

The expression changes of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in the periodontal tissues with implant anchorage for the anterior tooth intrusion in dogs

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  444-446.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.015

Abstract ( 560 )  

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Objective　To observe the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in the periodontal tissues with implant anchorage for the anterior tooth in dogs and to explore its role in the bone remodeling.  Methods　The experimental model was established by pressing down the anterior tooth with implant anchorage. After imposing 100g  force, the dogs were executed sequentially  at  6，12，24，36 weeks.  The right second maxilla incisor with gum and the integral alveolar bone in the affected side were cut out for observation of general morphology by HE staining and detection of  the change of expression and time distribution characteristics of matrix metallopmteinase 2(MMP-2) by immunohistochemistry. The left side without force imposed is chosen as the control group, and the tissue surrounding the right second maxilla incisor was explored by immunohistochemicaI detection and HE staining.　 Results　It showed that there is a large number of bone in the tooth root apex of the control group by HE staining. However, it manifested bone absorption in the tooth root apex with force applied. The expression of MMP-2 in the periodontal tissue raised at 6 weeks, peaked at 24 weeks, and then began to decline afterwards. the result showed that difference was statistically significant after application of force by immunohistochemistry (P<0.05).　Conclusions　In the process of pressing down the incisor, MMP-2 plays the important role in the reconstruction of periodontal tissue.

The effect of Sulindac on proliferation and β-catenin protein expression of human liver cancer cell HepG2

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  447-450.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.016

Abstract ( 410 )  

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Objective　To observe the effect of Sulindac on proliferation, apoptosis of human liver cancer cell HepG2 and the expression of β-catenin protein, and to investigate the possible anti-cancer mechanism of Sulindac.　Methods　HepG2 cells were treated with different dose of Sulindac. The inhibitory effect of Sulindac on proliferation was detected by MTT assay. Hoechst 33258 staining was applied to analyze the effect of Sulindac on apoptosis of HepG2 cell. The expression ofβ-catenin protein in the Wnt pathway was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.　Results　Sulindac could inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cell HepG2 with time and dose dependence. The number of apoptotic cells after treated with Sulindac for 24h was larger than those treated with DMSO. The expression of β-catenin appeared to decrease with the increase of drug concentration.  Conclusion　Sulindac can inhibit the growth of liver cancer HepG2 cells. It can block the Wnt signal transduction pathway, and reduce the expression ofβ-catenin, which may be the mechanism of its anti-tumor effect.

Effect of ginsenoside Rbl on white matter remodeling in rats with focal cerebral ischemia

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  451-454.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.017

Abstract ( 494 )  

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Objective  To investigate the effect of Ginsenoside Rbl (GSRb1) on white matter remodeling in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. Methods  Rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, vehicle-treated group and GSRb1-treated group, and MCAO/R (middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion) model was induced by thread embolism; then pathological change of myelin sheath was observed by LFB staining in the cerebral corpus callosum and internal capsule, damage to astrocytes and axons was examined by GFAP and APP immunostaining. Results after 72 h following MCAO/R, obvious demyelination appeared  in the corpus callosum and internal capsule and the expression of GFAP and APP was increased significantly in the corpus callosum. Compared with the vehicle-treated group, demyelination was significantly improved in GSRb1-treated group (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the expression GFAP and APP was greatly decreased in GSRb1-treated group (P<0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest GSRb1 probably promote the white matter remodeling in rats with focal cerebral ischemia.

Finite element analysis of lumbar disc degeneration on the biomechanical properties of the cartilage endplate effects

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  455-460.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.018

Abstract ( 470 )  

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Objective　To study the compressive stress properties of the lumbar endplate distribution of different sites, and analyze the impact of the biomechanical properties of the cartilage endplate lumbar disc degeneration.　Methods　A lumbar motion segment was obtained from a fresh corpse of young age, which then underwent continuous spiral CT scans to provide data for  establishment of L4/5 motion segment finite element analysis model using the finite element method and subsequently for establishment of disc degeneration model. The intervertebral disc degeneration state and normal state were simulated, and nodes were selected on L4, L5 vertebral endplates represent the central area, the left and right margins, and the anterior-central area. Stress distribution was then performed on these areas to using finite element analysis.  Results　Compared with the normal endplate, stress distribution were significantly increased on the disc degeneration group. Inferior endplate stress distribution in the end plates were significantly increased compared with the normal state when load was imposed in the axis, flexion, extension, left and right rotation (P<0.05).　Conclusions　The lumbar disc degeneration factors have a significant impact on the stress distribution endplate. Under the state of disc degeneration, endplate cartilage stress significantly increases.

The experimental research on effectiveness of different internal fixation for tibiofibular connection

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  461-463.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.019

Abstract ( 625 )  

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Objective　 To investigate activity range after the tibiofibular connection and the influence of different internal fixation on tibiofibular connection.　Methods　8 fresh frozen adult leg specimens underwent room temperature thawing, amputation at the ankle and removal of skin, muscle and other soft tissue with the upper and lower tibiofibular joints and the interosseous membrane being kept intact. The processed specimens were then mounted on to a SWD10 universal material experiment machine to measure the physiological activity of tibiofibular activity. In the second step, the fibiotibial connection were completely severed and reestablished with ordinary screws, lag screws, "U" -shaped nail, after which the activity was measured.　Results　The normal physiological activity of tibiofibular connection is (1.83±0.38) mm in the anterior-to-posterior direction, (1.89±0.38) mm in a posterior-to-anterior direction, (1.42±0.34) mm in a lateral-to-medial direction, and (1.36±0.65) mm in a medial-to-lateral direction. After fixation with ordinary screws and lag screws, the activities of the external ankle was significantly limited. Though the lag screws are firmer in fixation, there was no significant difference in terms of activity when compared to that of normal screws fixation. With "U" -shaped nail fixation, no significant compromise in activity was noticed when compared with that of physiological connection.　Conclusions　 Tibiofibular connection if is an elastic structure of a certain activity and activity will decrease significantly after internal fixation with screws. Using the tibiofibular link hook or "U" -shaped nail for elastic fixation may retain the physiological activities.

Finite element analysis of the mandible with implant applied the force from chin

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  464-467.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.020

Abstract ( 259 )  

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Objectives　To investigate the force effect of implant in the mandible, the stress changes of the mandible and the first molar for mandibular dental implants were analyzed with finite element method when the chin was impacted with 100N horizontal force.　Methods　The finite element models of mandible missing the first molar and the dental implants were established with CT data of a man head. The mandibular boundary constraints were built, and the chin was impacted with 100N horizontal force. The stress change of the whole mandible and the regional of mandibular first molar dental implants were recorded and observed. Results　After the 100N external force being imposed on the mentum, stress changes showed that the lowest values on the section area of the right implant were 9.005 Pa in 10.82 mm and 9.067 Pa in 86.38mm, and the maximum stress was 94.962 Pa in 52.97 mm. For the left first molar, the changes showed that the lowest values were 18.227 Pa in 10.37 mm and 8.867 Pa in 83.82 mm, and the maximum stress was 93.912 Pa in 54.66 mm. The stress change of the overall mandibule recorded showed that the mentum stress area was the largest, with peak reaching 260.524 Pa.　Conclusion　The implant of first molar does not affect the normal mechanical behavior of mandible.

The anatomic feature and Clinical outcomes of one-staged decompression for patients with combined cervical and lumbar stenosis

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  468-471.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.021

Abstract ( 421 )  

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Objective　To evaluate clinical outcomes and safety of one-staged combined cervical and lumbar decompression for patients with tandem spinal stenosis. 　Methods　Clinical outcomes and perioperative complications were reviewed in 22 patients who underwent one-staged combined cervical and lumbar decompression retrospectively. The mean age was (68.7±9.3) years(55～83 years).The follow-up period ranged from 24 to 58 months.  The JOA score and its recovery rate（cervical-17 points, lumbar-29 points）were recorded before operation, 1 month after surgery, and at the final follow-up.　Results　The mean surgical duration, blood loss, and hospitalization length were (189±49) min、(490±70) ml、15.9 days respectively. The JOA recovery rate were 67.9% for cervical and 63.5% for lumbar at the final follow-up. The improvement degree of JOA scores was significant compared with that of pre-operation. The overall complication incidence were 18.1%, which included acute blood loss anemia 1 case, cerebrospinal fluid leakage 1 case, deep infection 1 case, Transient neurological deficiency 1 case.　Conclusions　One-staged combined cervical and lumbar decompression for TSS can deliver fair results. It is a safe and effective method for this condition.

Change of proximal femur geometry in old osteoporotic intertrochanteric femoral fracture treated by PFNA

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  472-474.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.022

Abstract ( 475 )  

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Objective　To explore the change of proximal femur geometry parameters in old osteoporotic intertrochanteric femoral fracture healing process managed by PFNA.　Methods　Thirty-six old patients with osteoporotic intertrochanteric femoral fracture were chosen. The proximal femur geometric parameters, including top-high-pitch, offset, proximal length, neck-shaft angle, were measured after operation immediately and 1.5 to 2 years after surgical treatments.　Results　After operation, the geometric parameters became smaller, including top-high-pitch being (1.25±0.94) mm, offset (0.36±1.13) mm, proximal length (3.25±3.06) mm, neck-shaft angle (0.22±0.76)°. The proximal length and top-high-pitch were significantly lower (P＜0.05). The other changes were not significant (P＞0.05).　Conclusion　Using PFNA to manage the old osteoporotic intertrochanteric femoral fracture, enables the force to pass through the femoral neck during the fracture healing process, resulting in proximal anatomical structure parameters becoming smaller in different degree. Moreover, acceptable geometric changes contribute to the overall stability of the internal fixation system, which can be helpful to the healing of the fracture.

A preliminary study on the relationship between  Ⅸ、Ⅹ cranial nerves and neurogenic hypertension by 3D-FIESTA and MRVE imaging technology

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  475-478.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.023

Abstract ( 582 )  

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Objective　We investigated the anatomical spatial relations between vessels and nerves around the medulla oblongata in patients with primary medullary hypertension by MR new techniques.  Methods　Patients with diagnosis of neurogenic hypertension and patients in the control group underwent high resolution 3D-FIESTA and MRVE imaging.　Results　The cranial nerves were vascularly compressed and in contact with the vessels on the ventrolateral aspect of medulla oblongata in 19 cases, accounting for 59.38%, including 2 cases of V, 17 cases of IX and X. 13 cases had no obvious vascular compression and contact. The blood vessels and brain stem did not contact or intersect in 7 cases (21.86%); and the brain stem and vessels intersect but not in contact in 6 cases (18.75%); brain stem and vessels contact in a small area(28.13%); and the brain stem and vessels contacted and the brain stems were displaced in 10 cases (31.25%). The vessels that were in contact with the nerves included the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in 10 cases  and the vertebral artery in 6 cases. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery accounted for only 10.5%. Conclusions　MR 3D-FIESTA imaging and MRVE post-processing techniques can display the medulla oblongata neurovascular relationships of primary hypertension patients, and has a certain significance for investigation of the etiology of primary hypertension and for treatment guidance.

Application of video laryngoscopy in patients an abnormal anatomy in airway who suffer cerebral aneurysm embolization

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  479-481.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.024

Abstract ( 627 )  

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Objective　 To evaluate application of videolaryngoscopy in patients with an abnormal anatomy in airway who suffer cerebral aneurysm embolization.　Methods　30 patients suffered emergency cerebral aneurysm embolization, ASA II or III, and with Mallampati airway (grade III～IV), were randomly divided into two groups: UE videolaryngoscopy (group A, n=15) and Macintosh direct laryngoscopy (group B, n=15). Tracheal intubation time, success rate of intubation, SpO2, HR, SBP and DBP: before tracheal intubation(T0)，tracheal intubation(T1)，1（T2）、3（T3）and 5（T4） minutes after tracheal intubation were investigated. The adverse reactions were also recorded during tracheal intubation.　Results　HR、SBP、DBP and PaCO2 in group B were higher at T1, T2,T3 than group A (P<0.05). HR,SBP and DBP in group B were higher at T4 than group A (P>0.05). Tracheal intubation time in group B was longer than group A. The ratio of adverse reactions in group A was lower than group B.　Conclusion　UE videolaryngoscopy can reduce stress reactions of tracheal intubation in patients with an abnormal anatomy in  airway who suffer cerebral aneurysm embolization, and effectively protect the safety of patients around anesthetic time.

Clinical effects of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for the treatment of senile lumbar disc herniation 

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  482-484.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.025

Abstract ( 550 )  

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Objective　To analyze the effects of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy (PELD) in treatment of the senile lumbar disc herniation after conservative treatment.　Methods　24 elderly in-paients with single lumbar disc herniation received PELD . The outcomes were evaluated with the visual analogue scale(VAS)，Oswestry disability index (ODI) and modified Macnab criteria before and after the operation.　Results　On the last follow-up after operation, VAS scores  (1.83±0.48) were significantly lower than preoperative score（7.67±0.82）. The postoperative last follow-up ODI（14.42±2.04）% were also significantly lower than preoperative one（69.83±2.82）%. Based on the modified Macnab criteria，the  outcome was excellent in 20 cases，good in 3 and fair in 1. The leg pain symptoms were effectively relieved in all cases after operation.　Conclusions　PELD shows significant immediate effect in treating senile lumbar disc herniation and the long-term effects still need further observation.

Evaluation of skill and experience in diagnosis of fetal limb deformities by Prenatal ultrasound

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  485-487.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.026

Abstract ( 488 )  

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Objective　 To explore the scanning skill of prenatal ultrasound in improving diagnostic rate of fetal limb deformities.　Methods　The continuous order tracking method was adopted,14,217 women with pregnancy ranging from 16 to 37 weeks were examined by ultrasound scan of fetal limbs in our hospital from January 2014 to January 2015.　Results　In 14,217 cases of pregnant women, 41 cases were found with limb malformations, the detection rate being 0.28%, including 1 severe body defect, 4 body defect, 6 radial deficiency, 9 talipes equinovarus, 2 hand posture malformation, 2 fibula deficiency, 2 congenital multiple joints contracture, 3 sireniform fetus； 16 cases were misdiagnosed, accounting for about 28% of all abnormalities，including 7 syndactylism, 5 polydactylism, 4  overlapping hands, 2 talipes equinovarus. All were confirmed by induced labor or after birth.　Conclusions　Prenatal ultrasound could display fetal limb structure,and should be chosen as the first preferred diagnostic method forfetal limb deformities. Adeptness and high expertise in operation arethe key to the prenatal ultrasound examination.

The progress of anatomic study and clinical application on peritoneal flap

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  488-490.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.027

Abstract ( 400 )  

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Anatomic study progression on superior sagittal sinus and its tributaries

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  491-493.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.028

Abstract ( 766 )  

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The prepairing of transparent human liver specimen with the subsegmental vessels multicolor infused

Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy. 2015, 33(4):  494-495.  doi:10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2015.04.029

Abstract ( 721 )  

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